“…Over the past twenty years, evidence had accumulated that indicated offenders' perceptions of punitiveness or severity of criminal sanctions were more complex than previously assumed (e.g., McClelland & Alpert, 1985;Petersilia, 1990;Spelman, 1995;Van Voorhis, Browning, Simon, & Gordon, 1997;Wood, May, & Grasmick, 2005). This growing body of evidence had implications for theoretical explanations of illegal conduct (e.g., deterrence, rational choice, and social learning perspectives) that operate from the explicit premise that people consider rewards and punishments as a prelude to criminal action.…”