Factor analysis of Forced Swimming test, Sucrose Preference test and Open Field test on enriched, social and isolated reared rats

Sáenz, Juan Carlos Brenes; Villagra, Odir Antonio Rodríguez; Trías, Jaime Fornaguera

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.12.001

Cited by 243 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Hence, the possibility to characterize each behavioral component through even thousands of numbers does not imply the possibility to use those numbers to figure out what the behavior is in its wholeness. As already showed in other experimental models of anxiety and depression [2,9,12], this is the pivotal aspect that distinguishes 'conventional' quantitative approaches from multivariate ones: MVA offers useful tools to avoid reductive interpretation of isolated patterns, disjointed from the whole behavioral architecture, thus revealing behavioral dynamics otherwise undetectable by means of quantitative analyses alone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Multivariate analyses (MVA) provide excellent tools to overcome such constraints because they make available useful and interesting information on the relationships among behavioral elements [3,4,5,10,11,15,17]. Concerning studies on anxiety and depression, various articles have provided, by means of MVA, reliable information on rodent's behavior in the elevated-plus maze [9], in the forced swimming test [12], in the sucrose preference test and in the open field [2]. As to hole-board assay, by means of MVA, we have demonstrated that edge-sniff, a specific sniffing activity of holes edge, has complex relationships with head-dip and with several components of the behavioral structure [6,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microstructural assessment of rodent behavior in the hole-board experimental assay

Casarrubea

Sorbera

Santangelo

et al. 2010

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioral Research

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The aim of the present methodological article was to assess whether a microstructure of hole-exploratory activity can be demonstrated in rats tested in the hole-board, an experimental assay widely used to study anxiety-related behaviors in rodents. Six never properly described holeexploratory behavioral components were identified: activedip, static-dip, rapid-dip, circular-sniff, point-sniff and central-sniff. Results, assessed by means of descriptive and multivariate approaches, reveal a complex microstructural organization of these behavioral elements. The hypothesis of an important role of the relationships between point-sniff and head dipping activities, in anxiety-related holeexploratory behavior, is proposed. It is suggested that the microstructural analysis can evidence even subtle behavioral changes induced by manipulations of animal anxiety condition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructural assessment of rodent behavior in the hole-board experimental assay

Casarrubea

Sorbera

Santangelo

et al. 2010

Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Methods and Techniques in Behavioral Research

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“…Even though both isolated and paired animals were in the same room and could see each other, isolated animals did not have contact with other animals. Isolation conditions such as those used in this study have been shown to induce depressive-like behavior in rodents [32]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovarian hormones modify anxiety behavior and glucocorticoid receptors after chronic social isolation stress

Ramos-Ortolaza

Doreste-Mendez

Alvarado-Torres

et al. 2017

Behavioural Brain Research

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Chronic social isolation could lead to a disruption in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in anxiety and depressive-like behaviors but cycling estrogens could modify these behaviors. The aim of this study was to determine if changes in ovarian hormones during the normal cycle could interact with social isolation to alter anxiety and depressive-like behaviors. In parallel, we examined the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of Sprague Dawley normal cycling female rats. We assigned rats to either isolated or paired housing for 8 weeks. To assess anxiety and depressive-like behaviors, we used the open field test and forced swim test, respectively. Female rats were tested at either diestrus, estrus, or proestrus stage of the estrous cycle. After behaviors, rats were perfused and brains collected. Brain sections containing hippocampus and hypothalamus were analyzed using immunohistochemistry for synaptophysin and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels. We found an increase in depressive-like behaviors for isolated animals compared to paired housed rats, regardless of the estrous cycle stage. Interestingly, we found a decrease in anxiety behaviors in females in the estrus stage accompanied by a decrease in GR expression in hippocampal DG and CA3. However, no changes in synaptophysin were observed in any of the areas of studied. Our results support the beneficial effects of circulating ovarian hormones in anxiety, possibly by decreasing GR expression.

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“…Change in sucrose consumption is typically measured as a percentage of total liquid intake in a 2-bottle preference test (pure water vs. 10% sucrose solution; Pothion et al, 2004). This change, relative to baseline or control animals, is accepted as an indicator of stress and is used in rodents to validate experimental stress protocols (Brenes-Sáenz et al, 2006). It is unknown if dairy calves will modify their consumption of high-sugar feedstuffs as a reaction to stress, as seen in mice and rats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated mixing and isolation: Measuring chronic, intermittent stress in Holstein calves

Wilcox

Schutz

Rostagno

et al. 2013

Journal of Dairy Science

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Objectives of this study were to determine the physiological effects of psychological stress applied to dairy calves and to test if molasses consumption could be used to validate that a stressed condition was achieved. Twenty male calves (3 wk old) received jugular catheters and were randomly assigned to control (CTR; n = 4 pens of 1 calf per pen) or social stress treatments (STR; n = 4 pens of 4 calves per pen). The STR treatment included 5 cycles of 24-h isolation followed by regrouping with unfamiliar animals for 48 h (over 15 d). An ACTH challenge (0.1 IU/kg of body weight) was used to determine adrenal fatigue. Peak and total cortisol concentrations were greater for STR calves until the ACTH challenge. After the ACTH challenge, CTR calf cortisol increased and STR calf cortisol continued to decrease, suggesting adrenal fatigue. The number of calves that became positive for fecal shedding of Salmonella after the acute stress of being moved and the number of calves that were positive after the move decreased with each move. Fifty-six percent of STR calves changed from negative to positive for shedding after the first move compared with 18.75% of STR calves remaining negative after the third move. Difference in fecal shedding of Enterobacteriaceae from samples taken before and after moving calves on d 6 was less than that on d 2, 3, and 5. Leukocyte counts were not different, but trends for day effects were detected for neutrophil and monocyte percentages. Molasses consumption was greater for STR calves on d 2 and 11, as was total consumption. Latency to lie after eating also increased as the study progressed; STR calves required more time to lie after eating on d 12 than on d 3, and latency to lie was greater for STR than CTR on d 4, 8, 12, and 14. The STR calves also stood more than the CTR calves in the 4-h afternoon period on d 4, 5, 7, and 14. However, during the 4-h morning observations on d 14 (ACTH challenge), CTR calves stood more than STR calves. This model induced chronic stress, as characterized by adrenal fatigue, which was confirmed by molasses consumption and behavior changes. Therefore, molasses consumption could be used to confirm social stress in experimental models.

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Factor analysis of Forced Swimming test, Sucrose Preference test and Open Field test on enriched, social and isolated reared rats

Cited by 243 publications

References 55 publications

Microstructural assessment of rodent behavior in the hole-board experimental assay

Microstructural assessment of rodent behavior in the hole-board experimental assay

Ovarian hormones modify anxiety behavior and glucocorticoid receptors after chronic social isolation stress

Repeated mixing and isolation: Measuring chronic, intermittent stress in Holstein calves

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