Factor Structure of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) in a Norwegian Convenience Sample

Abstract

Sense of time is a fundamental aspect of human psychology. The Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) is a widely used questionnaire meant to measure fundamental experiential dimensions of time, such as past, present and future. The aim of this study was to establish model fit of a Norwegian extended version of the ZTPI. The study is based on a convenience sample of 713 individuals. Based on previous findings, we employed confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling to investigate different factor structures of ZTPI. The analyses were carried out using the WLSMV-estimation approach, and several fit indices was used as indicators of how well the data fitted the suggested factor structure. This first investigation of a Norwegian version of ZTPI did not find support for the original 56-item scale, the S-ZTPI version (64 items), nor an extended version that also incorporated the transcendental time perspective (74 items). In post-hoc analyses, we identified a model with 34 items and 7 factors that fitted the data adequately. Further studies should investigate the factor structure of ZTPI in a Norwegian context, and international studies should investigate how the transcendental time perspective relates to the rest of ZTPI.

The rhythm of chemotherapy and cancer patients’ time perspectives

“…There is no comparison data for TTPI among cancer patients as this study is the first. Compared with other groups, however, the mean results in the sample (3.4) are still higher that TTPI scores of healthy Norwegian adults (3.19) ( Skogen & Nesvåg, 2019 ), Portuguese students (2.84) ( Ortuño & Echeverría, 2013 ), and Dutch people with suicidal tendencies (3.25) ( Van Beek, 2013 ). One may speculate that this is due to the Polish population’s high level of catholic religiosity.…”

Time perspective and self-control: metacognitive management of time is important for efficient self-regulation of behavior

“…The above-mentioned findings may be put into question because ZTPI suffers from low reliability. Although the original paper by Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) reports acceptable values of internal consistency, later studies revealed serious reliability problems (Worrell & Mello, 2007), particularly in the samples investigated outside the USA (e.g., Akirmak, 2019;Skogen & Nesvåg, 2019). Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis shows poor indices of fit concerning the original five-factor structure of ZTPI (Worrell & Mello, 2007).…”

Ruminating on the past may be bad for you, or is it? Implications of past negative time perspective on job-related stress

“…However, its most distinctive feature is that it allows the testing of different models without imposing zero-order constraints on item loading on non-target factors. This technique has been employed successfully in testing the construct validity of the five-factor model of personality (e.g., Marsh et al, 2010Marsh et al, , 2013, similar measures across contexts (Furnham et al, 2013), as well as the ZTPI (e.g., Skogen and Nesvåg, 2019). The interpretation of fit indices in ESEM is based on the same cutoff values as in CFA; values higher than .90 for CFI and lower than .05 for the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) indicate an acceptable goodness of fit (Asparouhov and Muthén, 2009).…”