Factorial Design Methodological Approach for Enhanced Cadmium Ions Bioremoval by Opuntia Biomass

Abstract

The bioremoval efficiency of Opuntia biomass, a low-cost biosorbent and renewable resource, for cadmium ions from aqueous solutions was investigated using factorial design methodology. The functional groups involved in the sorption process were identified by FTIR spectroscopy. A factorial experimental design technique, the full factorial design 3 3 , has been used for enhanced cadmium ions bioremoval. Three factors were considered: protonation of the sorbent, initial cadmium concentration, and sorbent dosage at three markedly different levels. An empirical model was statistically developed using response surface methodology for its optimization. The model showed that cadmium ions bioremoval in aqueous solution was affected by all the three factors analyzed. The statistical model revealed a maximum sorption capacity (q e ) of 58.4 mg/g with sorbent protonated with 0.67 M HCl, initial Cd(II) concentration of 50 mg/L, and 0.55 g/L of sorbent dosage. Bioremoval kinetic data were properly fitted by chemical sorption of pseudo-second order. The Langmuir equation fits better the sorption isotherm (equilibrium data) than other classical models.Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; DW, Durbin-Watson; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; ICP, inductively coupled plasma; MAE, mean absolute error; PFORE, pseudo-first-order rate equation; PSORE, pseudosecond-order rate equation; SEM, scanning electron microscopy. 959

Kinetics and bioadsortion equilibrium of lead and cadmium in batch systems with cocoa shell (Theobroma Cacao L.)

“…Zhang et al [10] investigated cadmium adsorption using magnetic alginate beads linked to Rhizopus sp., determined that under optimal conditions the removal of Cd was 89% and that the addition of Pb could reduce the rate of removal of Cd under the same conditions. Similar studies were carried out by Abdelwahab et al [11] with modified and unmodified guava leaves in the adsorption of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions, reporting the rapid removal of these ions, following a pseudo-second order model; Rosique et al [12], reported similar results in the removal of Cd with Opuntia; Iqbal and Khera [13] studied the removal of Pb and Cu in aqueous solution using Fumaria indica, adapting the Freundlich isothermal model to the adsorption data for both metals. De Moraes-Ferreira et al [14], used two biosorbents obtained from the aquatic plants Salviniasp.…”

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“…Hence, the surface of AO-PAN-g-CS/Fe 3 O 4 was positively charged. [22] So the q e was low at low pH. However, the H + concentration decreases with the increase of solution pH.…”

Removal of Diclofenac in Wastewater Using Biosorption and Advanced Oxidation Techniques: Comparative Results

“…In the region of 1030-1000 cm −1 , a broad band, an indication of C−O and C=C vibrational stretching, was revealed. These are, in fact, typical FTIR spectra, corresponding to nonmodified plant biomass samples, where the lignocellulosic constituents are particularly outstanding [32,[47][48][49]. .…”

“…Raw lignocellulosic biomass was also used as a low-cost biosorbent, but the achieved efficiency was not as high as that with previous sorbents [29,30]. Despite this, biosorption has lately been presented as a very interesting technology, in line with the concept of the circular economy [31,32]. Efficient biowaste management is among the most important challenges in agrifood industries.…”