Factorial validation of the Attitudes toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA) in assessing sexual behaviour patterns in Bolivian and Ecuadorian adolescents

Jaruševičienė, Lina; Meyer, Sara De; Decat, Peter; Zaborskis, Apolinaras; Degomme, Olivier; Rojas, Mildrett; Hagens, Arnold; Auquilla, Nancy; Vega, Bernardo; Gorter, Anna; Orozco, Miguel; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.

doi:10.3402/gha.v7.23126

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The study also disclosed that adolescents still maintain traditional ideas about gender roles, where boys had the higher scores. Those findings agree very well with other studies with focus on the attitudes of violence of Ecuadorian adolescents (Jaruseviciene et al, 2014). These results are disquieting since attitudes that justify violence, especially toward women and peers, are related to the aggressive behavior against these groups (Díaz-Aguado, 2004;Ferrer et al, 2006;Krug et al, 2003;Worchel et al, 2003;Yick, 2000;Wallach et al, 2010;Bucheli & Rossi, 2015) due to on the one hand blaming the victims for violence (McCarry, 2010;Muchoki, 2011; and on the other hand advocating that the victim in certain conditions accept violence (Go et al, 2003;Virkki, 2007;Sequeira, 2009;.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The Triple Helix model of Silicon Valley and Ecuador

Ledesma¹,

Cobos²

2016

MSKN

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Behavior research revealed that attitudes are important in understanding the roots of violence. People acquire those attitudes by social learning, particularly in adolescence, because in this stage of life is the influence of social environment strongest. This study aimed to assess adolescents' attitude toward violence and their related factors. The Questionnaire on Attitudes toward Diversity and Violence 1 was applied. This questionnaire addresses the following factors: justification of violence toward peers as a reaction of courage, sexist beliefs and justification of domestic violence, and tolerant beliefs and rejection of violence. An extra factor was incorporated in the research to evaluate the attitude toward the justification of sexual violence. Analysis of the responses to the questionnaire disclosed middle level of justification and rejection toward violence. The stronger attitudes of justification of violence toward peers, domestic violence and sexual violence were related with male sex, alcohol consumption, violence among siblings and higher level of enjoyment of violence in media. The stronger tolerant beliefs and rejection of violence was related with female sex, the experience of sexual violence and the age group of 14-16 years old. Results clearly recommend the need to work with adolescents and their families to eliminate prejudices that justify violence and to promote violence rejection as preventive measures, considering the related factors. Keywords: Attitudes, violence, adolescents, related factors, violence justification, violence rejection. RESUMENInvestigaciones sobre el comportamiento humano han demostrado que las actitudes son importantes para comprender las raíces de la violencia. La mayoría de las actitudes se forman por aprendizaje social; esto es particularmente importante en la adolescencia pues el entorno social les influye más que en cualquier otra etapa de la vida. De ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue medir las actitudes de los adolescentes hacia la violencia y sus factores relacionados. Se aplicó el cuestionario de Actitudes hacia la Diversidad y la Violencia 1 , este contiene los siguientes factores: justificación de la violencia entre iguales como reacción y valentía, creencias sexistas y justificación de la violencia doméstica, y acuerdo con creencias tolerantes y de rechazo de la violencia. Se incorporó un factor para evaluar las actitudes que justifican la violencia sexual. Se encontró un nivel medio de justificación, pero también de rechazo hacia los diversos tipos de violencia. Las actitudes más fuertes de justificación a la violencia entre compañeros, violencia doméstica y violencia sexual se relacionaron con: sexo masculino, consumo de alcohol en la familia, violencia entre hermanos y alto grado de disfrute de la violencia en los medios. Las actitudes más fuertes de rechazo a la violencia estuvieron relacionadas con: sexo femenino, haber experimentado violencia sexual y tener entre 14-16 años de edad. Esos resultados muestran la necesidad 1 Questionnaire on A...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

The Triple Helix model of Silicon Valley and Ecuador

Ledesma¹,

Cobos²

2016

MSKN

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“…However, our research is in line with former research, which demonstrates the importance of incorporating a gender transformative approach and of promoting gender-equitable relationships between men and women to produce effective behavior that improves SRH ( 5 ). The impact of such educational programs could be measured using the ‘gender equality’ scale, which we obtained through factor analysis on the AWSA scale ( 36 ). Additionally, we would like to point out that our results suggest that these gender programs could be important for boys and for girls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Bolivia, the permission of the Ministry of Education and institutional permission of all selected schools was obtained. Subsequently, trained CERCA staff invited all 14–18 year-old students who were present that day, to complete a self-administered questionnaire after having signed an informed consent form ( 36 ). In the selected schools in Ecuador, firstly, institutional permission was obtained and secondly, all parents or guardians of the students were, during a school meeting, informed by project staff about the study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Special Issue: Gender and Health

Öhman¹,

Eriksson²,

Goicolea³

2015

Global Health Action

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BackgroundTo date, whilst there have been many published studies exploring the links between masculinity and HIV, not much work has been done to explore how an HIV-positive diagnosis impacts men's sense of masculinity and contextualizing the masculinities as fluid and changing.ObjectiveTo explore how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) impacts the lives of men and their constructions of masculinity through interviews with 18 men living with HIV.DesignQualitative study involving conveniently and purposively selected black South African adult men who lived with HIV. In-depth interviews were conducted with 18 men who resided in Johannesburg and Mthatha, South Africa.ResultsOur analysis suggests that the performance of risky masculinity may influence the acquisition of HIV. Yet, it also reveals that HIV can have a significant effect on men and their masculinities. Men's constructions of harmful notions of hegemonic masculinity pre-HIV diagnosis negatively affected their help-seeking behavior and coping and adjustment to living with HIV, post-diagnosis. The dominant discourse that men are strong and healthy visibly presented challenges for men when faced with an HIV-positive status. They interpreted HIV diagnosis as a loss, a sign of failure as a man, and evidence of an inability to retain control. Being sick undermined their ability to perform roles expected of them, and this led to feelings of powerlessness, worthlessness, and distress.ConclusionsInterventions with men living with HIV need to provide safe spaces for men to critically explore gender and constructions of social identities and the pressures these place on men and implications for their health. With this approach, harmful constructions of masculinities may be challenged and mitigated, and this process may render men amenable to change.

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“…Algunas de las preguntas de los cuestionarios fueron de elaboración propia, consensuadas entre los investigadores del proyecto en diversas reuniones. Otras preguntas fueron adaptadas de diferentes estudios previos, a fin de asegurar la fiabilidad de las mismas y la posibilidad de realizar estudios comparativos (Beetham & Boyle, 2009;Galambos, Petersen, Richards, & Gitelson, 1985;Jaruseviciene et al, 2014;Kahne, Middaugh, & SchutjerMance, 2005;Kahne, Crow, & Lee, 2013;Observatorio Juventud de España, 2011;OECD, 2012;Prats, Trepat, Peña, Valls, & Urgell, 2001;Schulz & Sibberns, 2004). Después del pilotaje del cuestionario en 2 centros educativos se realizaron pruebas de validez y fiabilidad que fundamentó el rechazo y la aceptación de los instrumentos incluidos en los cuestionarios definitivos.…”

Section: Muestra Del Estudio E Instrumentos De Investigaciónunclassified