Factors Affecting Ammonia Release in Broiler Houses

Odour emissions from poultry litter – A review litter properties, odour formation and odorant emissions from porous materials

“…water activity 0.93-0.97 13 Formic, acetic, propionic, butyric; iso-butyric, valeric, caproic, iso-valeric and iso-caproic acids; indoles and phenols 20 ; 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and dimethyl disulfide 16 ; dimethylamine, ethylamine, 1,4-diaminobutane 12 ; skatole, indole and phenols 6 15 17, 7, 9 Resistant to desiccation and starvation 7 ; Anaerobic conditions 9 Fatty acids, aldehydes, alcohols, volatile aliphatic acids (C 2 -C 11 ), sulfur compounds 19 ; methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, amyl-, iso-butyl-, iso-amyl-, hexyl-, dipropyl-and dibutyl-amine 12 Escherichia 11,21,14,8 1,3 Min. water activity 0.95 13 Formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acids; indoles and phenols 20 ; methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, amyl-, isobutyl-, iso-amyl-, hexyl-, dipropyl-and dibutyl-amine 12 ; indole and phenols 6 Eubacterium 11,2,21,8,10, ; Anaerobic conditions 20 Formic, acetic, propionic, butyric; iso-butyric, valeric, caproic, iso-valeric and iso-caproic acids; indoles and phenols 20 ;2,14,18 Some strains are obligate anaerobes 14 Butyric acid and other short chain fatty acids 14 19 ;8 3, ; Oxygen tolerant 20 ; facultative anaerobe 7 Formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acids; ammonia and volatile amines 20 ; methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, amyl-, iso-butyl-, iso-amyl-, hexyl-, dipropyl-and dibutyl-amine 12 Supporting Information S4 -Detailed discussion of the diffusion and emission of odorants from porous media S4.1. Molecular diffusion and boundary theories Diffusion and transport of gases from liquid and porous media are complex and dynamic processes that have previously been described or reviewed by Capelli et al (2012), , …”

Water addition, evaporation and water holding capacity of poultry litter

“…Litter moisture content has been found to influence ammonia emissions (Elliott and Collins, 1982;Liu et al, 2007;Miles et al, 2011), odours (Clarkson and Misselbrook, 1991;Murphy et al, 2014), dust (Roumeliotis et al, 2010), and health issues such as foot pad dermatitis (Bilgili et al, 2009;de Jong et al, 2012). Microbial populations flourish when litter has a moisture content greater than 35-40% (mass water/ mass of litter), which can have consequences including increased odour production and greater risks to bird health and food safety (Eriksson De Rezende et al, 2001;Agnew and Leonard, 2003;Wadud et al, 2012).…”

Effect of straw size and microbial amendment of litter on certain litter quality parameters, ammonia emission, and footpad dermatitis in broilers

“…Although the pH of the litter treated with Micropan was significantly lower in week 5 compared to untreated groups, this did not lead to the lowering of concentration of ammonia in the litter. That could be explained by the fact that the moisture content in the litter was very high in all groups, and NH 3 formation is directly controlled by the moisture level besides the temperature and pH (Elliott and Collins, 1982;Carr et al, 1990). Chickens reared on chopped straw had lower FPD scores.…”

“…Ðukić Stojčić et al: Effect of straw size and microbial amendment in broiler poultry farming formance of birds (Miles et al, 2004;Atapattu et al, 2008;Stokstad, 2014). NH 3 formation is directly controlled by factors such as pH, temperature, and the moisture level in the litter (Elliott and Collins, 1982;Carr et al, 1990). Ammonia in the litter may contribute to further development of FPD (Haslam et al, 2006;Bilgili et al, 2009), although it does not seem to directly cause it (Martins et al, 2013).…”