Factors Affecting Black Bear Reproductive Success and Cub Survival

Elowe, Kenneth D.; Dodge, Wendell E.

doi:10.2307/3809596

Cited by 213 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The first is that berry use is limited to a major crop that ultimately regulates population recruitment rates (Jonkel and cowan 1971;Landers et al 1979;Beeman and Pelton 1980;rogers 1987;elowe and Dodge 1989). The alternative explanation is that American Black Bears use a variety of major berry and mast crops, and switch to alternate foods during times of crop failure (kasbohm et al 1996).…”

Section: Variation Among Yearsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variation in food habits of the American Black Bear (<em>Ursus americanus</em>) in the boreal forest of northern Ontario

Romain¹,

Obbard²,

Atkinson³

2013

Can Field Nat

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We used scat analysis to investigate temporal variation in the food habits of American Black Bears (Ursus americanus) in the boreal forest of northern Ontario. Specifically, we examined whether there was a seasonal shift in foraging over three years (1990–1992) and which foods, if any, varied in occurrence among years. American Black Bears ate foods ranging from green vegetation in the spring to ants in mid-summer and berries and nuts in late summer and fall. Late summer berry forage, especially blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), varied greatly among years. American Black Bears in northern Ontario consumed a variety of foods opportunistically. Understanding how American Black Bears in northern Ontario exploit food resources and how these food items vary among years can provide insights into demographic processes and help wildlife managers better anticipate changes in the structure of the harvest of American Black Bears and in human–bear conflict levels. In northern Ontario, forest management practices that increase the availability of early successional species would be beneficial to American Black Bear populations.

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Section: Variation Among Yearsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal variation in food habits of the American Black Bear (<em>Ursus americanus</em>) in the boreal forest of northern Ontario

Romain¹,

Obbard²,

Atkinson³

2013

Can Field Nat

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“…If a female cheetah with cubs cannot forage effectively, then this could have an indirect impact on her offspring (Frid & Dill, 2002; Laurenson, 1994) . Human disturbance can also cause changes in behavior (Elowe & Dodge, 1989) and increase stress levels (Creel et al., 2002; Hayward & Hayward, 2009) which in turn could influence fitness (Tuomainen & Candolin, 2011). For example, juvenile hoatzins ( Opisthocomus hoazin ) were found to be susceptible to tourist‐induced stress which was negatively correlated to their survival (Müllner, Linsenmair, & Wikelski, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and anthropogenic drivers of cub recruitment in a large carnivore

Broekhuis

2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Recruitment is a critical parameter governing population dynamics and influences population persistence. Understanding the drivers of recruitment is therefore important for conservation, especially for long‐lived mammals such as large carnivores, which have low reproductive rates, rendering them prone to extinction. Using cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) as a model species, I investigated the variation in cub recruitment in relation to habitat and the abundance of tourists and predators. Per litter, female cheetahs on average raised 1.71 ± 1.35 cubs to independence, but this varied depending on the presence of open habitat and the abundance of tourists, both of which had a negative effect on cub recruitment. More specifically, female cheetahs that were mostly found in open habitats on average raised 1.69 ± 0.14 cubs per litter to independence compared to 3.04 ± 0.26 cubs in denser habitat. Similarly, female cheetahs that were exposed to high tourist abundance on average raised 0.21 ± 0.72 cubs to independence compared to 2.32 ± 0.11 cubs in low tourism areas. Neither lion nor spotted hyaena abundance had an impact on the number of cubs that were recruited. Based on these findings, I recommend that the importance of a heterogeneous environment should be taken into consideration in habitat management, restoration efforts, and reintroduction programs. In addition, tourist quotas should be put in place in high visitation areas and strict wildlife viewing guidelines, such as number of vehicles, tourist behavior, time spent, and distance to a sighting, should be enforced. Cub recruitment is an important component of species persistence and incorporating these findings could aid conservation efforts for species that are increasingly under threat.

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“…However, these advantages are more applicable to male bears. It appears that female yearlings and subadults do not travel as extensively as males after family breakup, and in fact, often they don't disperse (Elowe andDodge 1989, White et al 2000). Rather they establish their home range adjacent to or within their mother's home range (Alt 1978, Rogers 1987, Schwartz and Franzmann 1992, Lee 2003 (Beeman 1975, Amstrup and Beecham 1976, Lindzey and Meslow 1977, Reynolds and Beecham 1980, Alt et al 1980, Garshelis and Pelton 1981, Hugie 1982, Young and Ruff 1982, Carr 1983, Hellgren 1988, Smith and Pelton 1990, Fuller 1993, VanManen 1994.…”

Section: B Habitat Requirements and Food Habitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An average of two to three blind and hairless cubs, weighing less than one pound, are born in winter dens. In North Carolina and throughout North America, younger females (3-and 4-year old) have smaller litter sizes than older females (> 5 years old; Elowe and Dodge 1989, Kordek and Lindzay 1980, Kolenosky 1990, Noyce and Garshelis 1994, Costello et al 2003, Bridges 2005.…”

Section: E Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 99%