Factors affecting chemical toxicity

Nebbia, Carlo

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385926-6.00004-1

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…71,[81][82][83][84] In rats, ingested BPA is eliminated primarily via hepatic glucuronidation, 85 a process that is known to be greatly reduced in cats as compared with other species. 86,87 The domestic cat is exquisitely sensitive to the adverse effects of many drugs and toxins that require glucuronidation before elimination. 86,87 If ingested BPA is eliminated via glucuronidation, as in other species, the slower clearance rate could lead to higher-than-expected blood and tissue levels of BPA in cats.…”

Section: Iodine Deficiency May Act Together Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperthyroidism in Cats

Peterson

2012

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

101

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Section: Iodine Deficiency May Act Together Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyperthyroidism in Cats

Peterson

2012

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

101

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“…Drugs and toxins may be substituted in some kinetic or dynamic interactions when binding to plasma proteins or receptors at the active site of the enzyme involved in biotransformation [27,28]. The main factors affecting chemical toxicity in individuals and in populations are breed, age, sex, pathophysiological events, diet composition, environmental conditions, the source, and route of exposure [26]. Here, we examine the influence of environmental conditions, age, maturity, sex, and hormonal status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The response of an animal population to a certain amount of toxicant may differ among individuals, because various factors can modulate the overall toxic response [25,26]. Drugs and toxins may be substituted in some kinetic or dynamic interactions when binding to plasma proteins or receptors at the active site of the enzyme involved in biotransformation [27,28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mercury Contamination of Cattle in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Bombana, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The industrial mining sector is one of the main contributors to environmental damage and toxic metal pollution, although some contamination originates from natural geological sources. Due to their position at the top of the food chain, cattle tend to bioaccumulate mercury (Hg) in their bodies. We used analyses of cattle hair samples to investigate Hg contamination in cattle farmed within and outside of an artisanal and small-scale gold-mining area in Bombana, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. We also examined the factors that might have influenced the toxicity, such as the environmental conditions, sex, and age of the cattle. A total of 63 hair samples were analyzed by particle-induced X-ray emission spectrometry. The mean Hg concentration was significantly higher in hair from cattle farmed within the artisanal and small-scale gold mining area (11.44 µg/g hair) than in those farmed outside the area (2.89 µg/g hair, p < 0.05). A possible cause of this is contamination by mercury persistent in terrestrial food chain. The results indicates that the level of toxic metals such as Hg need to be controlled in food sources to protect human health, especially in Bombana, Indonesia.

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“…Together with uptake and efflux drug transporters, DMEs play an important role in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of xenobiotics [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. In the past, biotransformation was invariably associated with deactivation or detoxification; however, this is not always the case, since in certain instances, through a process called “bioactivation”, DMEs may give rise to stable or unstable derivatives remarkably more (re)active than the parent compounds [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many factors may affect the overall biotransformation capacity, thus determining which pathway is involved in xenobiotic metabolism and the extent of these activating or detoxifying reactions. These factors are usually split into internal (e.g., species, strain/breed, gender, age, and physiopathological conditions) and external factors (e.g., diet, environment, induction/inhibition phenomena), as reviewed by Gibson, Skett, and Nebbia [ 2 , 5 , 11 ]. Obviously, this classification is purely arbitrary, and much interaction exists among these factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction by Phenobarbital of Phase I and II Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes in Bovine Liver: An Overall Catalytic and Immunochemical Characterization

Cantiello

Carletti

Giantin

et al. 2022

IJMS

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In cattle, phenobarbital (PB) upregulates target drug-metabolizing enzyme (DME) mRNA levels. However, few data about PB’s post-transcriptional effects are actually available. This work provides the first, and an almost complete, characterization of PB-dependent changes in DME catalytic activities in bovine liver using common probe substrates and confirmatory immunoblotting investigations. As expected, PB increased the total cytochrome P450 (CYP) content and the extent of metyrapone binding; moreover, an augmentation of protein amounts and related enzyme activities was observed for known PB targets such as CYP2B, 2C, and 3A, but also CYP2E1. However, contradictory results were obtained for CYP1A, while a decreased catalytic activity was observed for flavin-containing monooxygenases 1 and 3. The barbiturate had no effect on the chosen hydrolytic and conjugative DMEs. For the first time, we also measured the 26S proteasome activity, and the increase observed in PB-treated cattle would suggest this post-translational event might contribute to cattle DME regulation. Overall, this study increased the knowledge of cattle hepatic drug metabolism, and further confirmed the presence of species differences in DME expression and activity between cattle, humans, and rodents. This reinforced the need for an extensive characterization and understanding of comparative molecular mechanisms involved in expression, regulation, and function of DMEs.

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Factors affecting chemical toxicity

Cited by 3 publications

References 81 publications

Hyperthyroidism in Cats

Hyperthyroidism in Cats

Mercury Contamination of Cattle in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Bombana, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Induction by Phenobarbital of Phase I and II Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes in Bovine Liver: An Overall Catalytic and Immunochemical Characterization

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