“…To address this fundamental issue, some authors involve two-regime threshold cointegration (Hansen & Seo, 2002), unit roots and fractional integration (Cunado, Gil-Alana & de Gracia, 2010), and Granger causality, Johansen cointegration, ARDL (autoregressive distributed lag) bound tests, and the simultaneous equation system (Behera & Yadav, 2019), whereas others use different approaches, such as nonlinear models to capture structural breaks (Chen, 2011), regime change or threshold (Afonso, Huart, Jalles & Stanek, 2019), and vector autoregression (Jin, Wang & Zhao, 2021). Cointegrating regression analysis is also employed to solve those econometric obstacles (Ozdamar, 2015) but with divergent results.…”