“…Studies have examined the factors that affect course design and training of lecturers (Kanuka, Rourke, & Laflamme, 2007;Liu & Lee, 2005), learner's perspectives, such as satisfaction (Gunawardena & Zittle, 1997), communication between colleagues (Hammond, 1999), technical skills (Ross, 1996), meaningful learning (Arbaugh, 2000;Barak & Dori, 2005;Martinez-Caro, 2009), and thinking skills (Barak & Dori, 2009;Barak & Rafaeli, 2004). Other studies have shown that online learning in higher education faces many challenges, and the effect of DL on the teaching and learning culture in academic institutions is still limited (Bonk, Wisher, & Lee, 2003;Cuban, Kirkpatrick, & Peck, 2001;Kali et al, 2009).…”