Factors Affecting Household Expenditures on Education: A Heckman Sample Selection Application for Turkey

Abstract

Education is undoubtedly one of the most important elements for the development levels of countries and societies. It is also one of the essential requirements in today's world. Education is a key element of individual starting and later social development, therefore development across countries. Today, in most developed countries, the state spends a large amount of fund for education. Households, as well as governments, spend a lot on education. In this study, their expenses for the education of households in Turkey are discussed, and the effect of socio-demographic and economic factors of these expenditures are examined. For this purpose, the data set obtained from the 2019 Household Budget Survey published by TURKSTAT is analyzed with the Tobit Model. According to the analysis results, the fact that the head of the household is male in a family, and his age has a negative effect on education expenditures. In addition, in contrast to the literature, variables that may indirectly affect household education expenditures, such as the structure of the household, the presence of individuals who smoke, read magazines, go to the movies, and play sports, have been added to the model.

The Influence of Parental Socioeconomic Status Characteristics on Children’s Educational Outcomes in Kazakhstan

“…Paul Schultz, 1993;Robert Haveman and Barbara Wolfe, 1995;Anne M. Hill and Elizabeth M. King, 1995;and Duncan Thomas et al,1996). However, the authors of other papers proved the opposite effect, stating that the father's education is more influential on children's educational outcomes (Karaaslan, Abdulkerim, and Hasan Hüseyin Tekmanli, 2022;Behrman, Jere R., and Mark R. Rosenzweig, 2005). Moreover, the effects of parental education were also considered to be higher than the effects of income in several papers (Erola, Jani, et al, 2016;Lingxin Hao & Wei-Jun Jean Yeung, 2015).…”

Determinants of Households’ Educational Expenditure in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

“…Firstly, a study by Karaaslan and Tekmanli (2022) on the household's expenditure on Education in the case of Turkey. By using "the data set obtained from the 2019 Household Budget Survey published by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURK-STAT) that was analyzed with the Heckman sample selection model.…”

“…Firstly, the result of estimating the age coefficient of the households' head bearing a negative sign means that the positive impact of expenditure on education ( Karaaslan and Tekmanli, 2022) and statistically significant at 1% indicates that under the condition that other factors do not change, if the age of the head of household increases by 1 year, the household's expenditure on education decreases by 106 thousand VND. The results imply that the younger the household owner, the higher the expenditure on education because when the age of the household head is relatively low, the more correct and informed the view of education (Hone and Marisennayya, 2019), Maritim (2017), Anyabolu (2019).…”