Factors affecting reproduction and population growth in a restored elk<i>Cervus elaphus nelsoni</i>population

Larkin, Jeffery L.; Maehr, David S.; Cox, John J.; Wichrowski, Michael W.; Crank, R. Daniel

doi:10.2981/wlb.2002.007

Cited by 25 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Dispersal distances for adults and yearlings were more than double that for calves, similar to other elk restorations (e.g. Larkin et al 2002Larkin et al , 2004Ryckman et al 2009). One may question why calves did not remain with dispersing adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Movement and Spread of a Founding Population of Reintroduced Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Ontario, Canada

Yott

Rosatte

Schaefer

et al. 2011

Restoration Ecology

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Monitoring the distribution and movements of a species following reintroduction can aid resource managers in assessing release-site fidelity, rates of spread, initial project success, and feasibility of (or need for) future releases. We used radio-telemetry to monitor an entire founding population of 70 elk (Cervus elaphus) during 16 months following their reintroduction to eastern Ontario, Canada. At the end of the study, elk were widely scattered over a 27,000 km 2 area. Dispersal distances ranged from 2 to 142 km; 50% of animals moved >40 km from the release site. Dispersal distances differed by time periods and age but not sex. Calves dispersed significantly shorter distances than adults and many mature elk were isolated during the rut. In contrast to a random distribution model, movements had a strongly southwestern directional bias, perhaps owing to prevailing winds from the same direction. Mortality during the study period was 27%; the primary causes of known mortalities were emaciation, collision with automobiles, and illegal shooting. During the first 1 1/ 2 years, lack of releasesite fidelity and high dispersal coupled with animal-human conflicts and mortalities likely contributed to an initial lag in population growth. Resource managers planning animal reintroductions should consider using methodologies that enhance site fidelity following release.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Movement and Spread of a Founding Population of Reintroduced Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Ontario, Canada

Yott

Rosatte

Schaefer

et al. 2011

Restoration Ecology

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“…, Larkin et al. ). Fecundity rates in established populations were similar to those in western elk populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, we do recommend a minimum of 25:100 bull : cow ratio, given the potential for dispersing elk to become isolated during the breeding season, as happened after the Kentucky translocation (Larkin et al. ). More research is needed, as elk populations in eastern North America become established, to gain further understanding of the vital rates in these herds and how they may differ from those of eastern elk populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of vital rates and cause‐specific mortality of elk Cervus elaphus populations in eastern North America

et al. 2015

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A review of elk vital rates in eastern NorthAmerica is warranted given continued interest in restoring the species to the region and the variation in habitat conditions, anthropogenic influence on population dynamics and predator fauna between eastern and western North America. 2. We reviewed 23 studies of elk demographics from populations in eastern North America and summarized adult (>2 years old), subadult (1-2 years old) and juvenile (0-1 years old) annual survival and fecundity. We also reviewed and compared studies in which causes of mortality in eastern and western North American elk populations were reported. 3. Annual survival of adult and subadult elk in populations in eastern North America was similar to those reported for western North American elk populations. Annual juvenile survival [Ŝ = 0.76, standard error (SE) = 0.07] in eastern North American elk populations was 53% higher than that in western North American populations. 4. Fecundity rates in elk populations in eastern North America were low (0.75 juveniles per female per year, SE = 0.06) compared with fecundity rates typical of western North American populations. Juvenile survival and adult fecundity were lower in recently restored populations (Ŝ = 0.65, SE = 0.09; 0.62 juveniles per female per year) than in established populations (Ŝ = 0.83, SE = 0.07; 0.80 juveniles per female per year) in eastern North America. 5. Brainworm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection, vehicle collisions and nuisance culling were important factors contributing to mortality in eastern North American, but not in western North American, elk populations. bs_bs_banner Mammal Review ISSN 0305-1838 146 Mammal Review 45 (2015) 146-159

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“…In general, breeding dominated by young males tends to increase the length of the breeding season and calving season (Noyes et al, 1996;Larkin et al, 2002). In general, breeding dominated by young males tends to increase the length of the breeding season and calving season (Noyes et al, 1996;Larkin et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Morrison et al, 1959;Hudson et al, 2002). The reported duration of elk parturition seasons ranges from 50 d in California (McCullough, 1969), to 15-22 d in Montana (Johnson, 1951;Harris, 2007), and 37-67 d in southeastern Kentucky (Larkin et al, 2002). The reported duration of elk parturition seasons ranges from 50 d in California (McCullough, 1969), to 15-22 d in Montana (Johnson, 1951;Harris, 2007), and 37-67 d in southeastern Kentucky (Larkin et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended Duration of Parturition Season in North American Elk (Cervus elaphus)

Keller¹,

Bleisch²,

Millspaugh³

et al. 2015

The American Midland Naturalist

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The timing of births in ungulates has significant implications for juvenile survival and population growth. For North American elk (Cervus elaphus), typical parturition season ranges from late May to early Jun., and juveniles born outside of this peak characteristically exhibit lowered survival. We observed abnormally long parturition seasons in free-ranging elk populations in Missouri and South Dakota during 2012. Both populations exhibited late births; the last known births occurred on 26 Sep. in Missouri and 4 Sep. in South Dakota. Duration of parturition season was 112 and 119 d in Missouri and South Dakota, respectively. In Missouri, late births likely resulted from breeding by both yearling females and males. Late parturition in South Dakota may be caused by extended estrous cycles of elk that occurred on high quality range where few adult males were located.

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Factors affecting reproduction and population growth in a restored elkCervus elaphus nelsonipopulation

Abstract: BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

Cited by 25 publications

References 13 publications

Movement and Spread of a Founding Population of Reintroduced Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Ontario, Canada

Movement and Spread of a Founding Population of Reintroduced Elk (Cervus elaphus) in Ontario, Canada

A review of vital rates and cause‐specific mortality of elk Cervus elaphus populations in eastern North America

Extended Duration of Parturition Season in North American Elk (Cervus elaphus)

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