Factors affecting the distribution of chloride ions in rat renal outer medulla.

Law, Robert

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011762

Cited by 4 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This ratio is slightly lower than that reported previously (Law, 1977) (Law, 1977) and only in medium 215/540 did this reduction achieve significance at P < 0*05 (Table 1). This medium was the only one in which Cl content was significantly reduced by ouabain.…”

Section: Methodscontrasting

confidence: 51%

“…1 A that slices incubated under control conditions in medium 189/540 shrank to about 86 % of their original volume. Since both the osmolality and Cl concentration of this medium have been considered as typical of outer medullary interstitial fluid (Law, 1975b(Law, , 1977, this shrinkage requires explanation. It is very unlikely that the quantitative assumptions referred to in the Methods section were grossly erroneous when applied to the slices used in the present study.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following incubation in media containing 90 mM-Cl it was necessary, except for relatively large slices, to incubate slices in pairs in order to bring the leachate C1 concentration within the range of sensitivity of the instrument. Intracellular Cl concentration was calculated as in Law (1977), the values used for the inulin space being those obtained in parallel studies of cell volume and cation content as described under (a). Note that in calculating intracellular Cl concentration, unlike Na and K concentrations, the fluid volume of the slice is not negligible by comparison with that of the leachate, and must be allowed for.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of chloride ions on renal outer medullary cell volume.

Law¹

1979

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Slices of rat renal outer medulla have been incubated in media made hyperosmotic (540 and 1055 m-osmole/kg H20) by the addition of urea, and containing variable concentrations of Cl (90, 144, 189 and 215 mM) and constant concentrations of Na (180 mM) and K (5.9 mM). A small number of incubations have been conducted in the presence of 100 mM-Na.2. Changes in cell volume during incubation have been calculated on the basis of initial and final slice weight and inulin space.3. The capacity of cells to shrink in response to extracellular osmotic stress was related principally to the external Cl concentration rather than to osmolality, increases in concentration being associated with enhanced shrinkage. Shrinkage was accompanied by net loss of cellular Cl. The ratio between intra-and extracellular C1 concentration (ca. 0.41) remained constant in all media.4. In media containing low Cl concentration (90 mM), reduction of media Na concentration to 100 mM enhanced shrinkage. This effect was not observed when medium Cl concentration was greater than 90 mM.5. Ethacrynic acid-cysteine (1 mM) significantly impaired the shrinkage response to extracellular osmotic stress, and caused cell swelling in media of relatively low Cl concentration and osmolality. It did not abolish the dependency of cell volume upon Cl concentration. There was marked reduction in the net amount of Cl lost from cells. 6. Ethacrynic acid-cysteine caused an increase in cellular Na content only in media containing 540 m-osmole/kg H20 and Cl concentrations less than 215 mm.7. Ouabain (1 mM) inhibited cell shrinkage to a lesser extent than ethacrynic acidcysteine in all media except that causing the greatest shrinkage under control conditions (215 mM-Cl/1055 m-osmole/kg H20). It is suggested that a ouabain-sensitive process may play an increasingly important role in Cl-related cell shrinkage as this becomes more pronounced.8. The findings are consistent with the view that Cl ions influence cell volume both through their effective external osmotic pressure and by means of Cl-specific process; the latter is associated with net loss of cellular Cl. A dependence of this loss upon Na/K exchange-linked metabolism is inferred, but the present findings do not permit the active or passive nature of the extrusion to be defined.

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Section: Methodscontrasting

confidence: 51%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of chloride ions on renal outer medullary cell volume.

Law¹

1979

The Journal of Physiology

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“…It is probable that the ratio of intracellular to extracellular Cl concentration is in part balanced by a counter-distribution of HCO3 (Law, 1977) and that Cl ions influence cell volumes in this region (Law, 1979). Some of the present findings have already been published in abstract form (Law, 1980).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…In media containing 70 mM-Cl cellular Cl accumulation occurred to such an extent that the ratio [Cl]1/ [Cl]. (normally within the range 0*4-0*5 (Law, 1977(Law, , 1979) approximated to unity. This is shown in Table 5.…”

Section: Effect Of 1 Mm-sitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the relationship between rat renal medullary cell volume and external anion concentration in hyperosmolal media.

Law¹

1980

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The volumes of cells in slices of rat renal outer medulla have been examined following incubation for 25 min in hyperosmolal media (650 and 950 m-osmole/kg H20) containing independently variable concentrations of Cl (70-235 mM) and HCO3(10-60 mM) (gas phase 95 % 02/5 % C02). 2. For any given level of external Cl concentration cell volumes were reduced by increasing the external HCO3 concentration. These reductions were accompanied by net loss of cellular K and Cl. In confirmation of earlier findings, cell volumes were also reduced by increasing external Cl concentration.3. Experiments in which the HCO3 concentration and pH of the incubation media were independently varied by the use of N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulphonic acid (HEPES)/100% 02 showed that it is the HCO3 anion per se which influences cell volume.4. The anion exchange inhibitor 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonic acid (SITS, disodium salt, 1 mM) abolished the dependence of cell volume upon HCO3 but not upon Cl.5. Acetazolamide (1 mM) influenced (reduced) cell volumes only in the presence of low (10 mM) HCO3.6. CNS (25 mm) also markedly reduced cell volumes in media containing 10 mM-HCO3 and, to a lesser extent, 25 mM-HCO3. It was without effect on cell volume when external HCO3 was 60 mM.7. The presence of CNS was associated with the significant cellular net accumulation of Cl in media in which either Cl or HCO3 concentration (or both) was low (70 or 130 mm and 10 mm respectively).8. The outer medullary [35S]CNS space at 25 min, determined for slices incubated in a representative selection of the various media employed in this study, exceeded the [14C]inulin space by 1-77 ,1./10 mg wet weight.

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Techniques and applications of extracellular space determination in mammalian tissues

Law

1982

Experientia

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This review summarizes the ways in which the extracellular space (ECS) may be estimated in mammalian tissues, and briefly describes some of the uses to which the EC confinement of certain molecules (markers or tracers) may be put in the elucidation of physiological functions. The introductory section is followed by a description of the more commonly used marker molecules and their functional characteristics, and of factors likely to lead to the spurious over- or under-estimation of the ECS. Certain alternative methods are also described, in particular those based on morphological and electrical criteria which seek to demonstrate small, functionally important, changes in the size of specialized regions of the ECS (e.g. lateral cellular interspaces) without necessarily being required to provide a quantitatively precise estimate of their size. Section III describes the results of measurements of ECS in various mammalian tissues (muscle, gastro-intestinal tract, nervous tissue, crystalline lens, placenta, lung and kidney) and some applications of EC markers to investigation of cellular function (e.g. uptake of metabolic substrates and epithelial transport) and, in outline, characterization of capillary permeability. The available literature in this field is very extensive, and in the interests of brevity the reader is, where appropriate, referred to previous reviews covering specialized aspects of ECS determination and related topics.

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Factors affecting the distribution of chloride ions in rat renal outer medulla.

Abstract: (5 x

Cited by 4 publications

References 23 publications

The influence of chloride ions on renal outer medullary cell volume.

The influence of chloride ions on renal outer medullary cell volume.

Studies on the relationship between rat renal medullary cell volume and external anion concentration in hyperosmolal media.

Techniques and applications of extracellular space determination in mammalian tissues

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