Factors affecting worriedness: A study of the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan

Tokyo's COVID-19: An urban perspective on factors influencing infection rates in a global city

“…Previous studies have found that people working in entertainment and life-related services are more likely to get infected ( De Angelis et al., 2021 ; Olmo and Sanso-Navarro, 2021 ; Credit, 2020 ). The same results were reported for Japan, as bars were one of the city's key spaces that contributed to different outbreaks ( Lertsakornsiri et al., 2022 ). Based on previous studies, there have been some reports that unskilled workers are more likely to be infected due to their social and economic insecurities ( Tamrakar et al., 2021 ; Fielding-Miller et al., 2020 ).…”

“…Other studies also have found that certain locations and age groups have played key roles during different waves of the outbreak. Young people in bars and schools were identified as the main sources of transmission in at least two outbreaks in Japan ( Lertsakornsiri et al., 2022 ).…”

“…These concerns require more deliberate attention and resolution from planning researchers and policy makers. Non-pharmaceutical interventions have been advocated to reduce the pressure and worriedness during the pandemic ( Lertsakornsiri et al., 2022 ; Hassankhani et al., 2021 ). Also, several literature reviews are conducted to explain how the built environment, socio-economic, health, and environmental factors have influenced the pandemic ( Alidadi and Sharifi, 2022 ; Alam and Sultana, 2021 ; Teller, 2021 ).…”

“…On the other hand, the government never implemented a lockdown ( Fukuchi et al., 2022 ). To avoid social and mental health consequences, even the emergency states did not take too long as these situations could have increased worriedness ( Lertsakornsiri et al., 2022 ). Additionally, Tokyo is characterized by a high population and employment density, a high share of public transport, crowding in public spaces, and a high share of small apartments.…”