Factors Associated with an Outbreak of COVID-19 in Oilfield Workers, Kazakhstan, 2020

Nabirova, Dilyara; Taubayeva, Ryszhan; Maratova, Ainur; Henderson, Alden; Nassyrova, Sayagul; Kalkanbayeva, Marhzan; Alaverdyan, Sevak; Smagul, Manar; Levy, Scott; Yesmagambetova, Aizhan; Singer, Daniel

doi:10.3390/ijerph19063291

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Our seroprevalence study for the first time documents an extremely high rate of SARS-CoV-2 exposure in Karaganda, Kazakhstan. Although pilot in nature, these findings are consistent with high SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in other regions of Kazakhstan [ 19 , 20 , 33 ], corroborating an overall underascertainment of COVID-19 rates across the country. While narrowing the gaps in country-wide infection surveillance necessitates addressing systemic issues related to governance and healthcare delivery and improving vital registration systems, we hope that our findings can inform the regional pandemic response to facilitate a more effective and equitable distribution of resources, such as vaccines.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Karaganda, Kazakhstan before the launch of COVID-19 vaccination

et al. 2022

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COVID-19 exposure in Central Asia appears underestimated and SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence data are urgently needed to inform ongoing vaccination efforts and other strategies to mitigate the regional pandemic. Here, in a pilot serologic study we assessed the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody-mediated immunity in a multi-ethnic cohort of public university employees in Karaganda, Kazakhstan. Asymptomatic subjects (n = 100) were recruited prior to their first COVID-19 vaccination. Questionnaires were administered to capture a range of demographic and clinical characteristics. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR testing. Serological assays were performed to detect spike (S)-reactive IgG and IgA and to assess virus neutralization. Pre-pandemic samples were used to validate the assay positivity thresholds. S-IgG and -IgA seropositivity rates among SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative participants (n = 100) were 42% (95% CI [32.2–52.3]) and 59% (95% CI [48.8–69.0]), respectively, and 64% (95% CI [53.4–73.1]) of the cohort tested positive for at least one of the antibodies. S-IgG titres correlated with virus neutralization activity, detectable in 49% of the tested subset with prior COVID-19 history. Serologically confirmed history of COVID-19 was associated with Kazakh ethnicity, but not with other ethnic minorities present in the cohort, and self-reported history of respiratory illness since March 2020. Overall, SARS-CoV-2 exposure in this cohort was ~15-fold higher compared to the reported all-time national and regional COVID-19 prevalence, consistent with recent studies of excess infection and death in Kazakhstan. Continuous serological surveillance provides important insights into COVID-19 transmission dynamics and may be used to better inform the regional public health response.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Karaganda, Kazakhstan before the launch of COVID-19 vaccination

et al. 2022

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“…For a detailed description of the number of references at each stage, see the Prisma flowchart in figure 1. Overall, the 19 studies included here provide evidence for the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of the following NPIs: ventilation (n = 12) [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]; air filtration/air cleaning devices (n = 4) [17,[26][27][28]; surface disinfection (n = 5) [20][21][22][23][24]; room occupancy (n = 6) [11,12,16,[24][25][26]; and screens/barriers (n = 1) [17]. No evidence was found on the use of CO 2 monitoring or one-way systems in reducing transmission.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No evidence was found on the use of

monitoring or one-way systems in reducing transmission. These 19 studies covered a range of settings: healthcare facilities (

6

) [ 18 , 20 , 22 – 24 ]; residential ( n =3) [ 10 , 11 , 21 ]; meat-processing plants (

2

) [ 12 , 14 ]; school classrooms (

2

) [ 16 , 17 ]; an overnight camp (

1

) [ 25 ]; a bus (

1

) [ 13 ]; a restaurant (

1

) [ 26 ]; and an oilfield (

1

) [ 15 ]. Two studies were laboratory studies using animal models (

2

) [ 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attack rate—median cabin attack rate of 67% (IQR=54--72normal%). Zhang et al [28]Tested a negative ionizer for reducing transmission in hamsters through direct contact and aerosol transmission. After housing three infected animals in the same cage with three naive animals for direct transmission study and with three naive animals separated by wire frames for aerosol transmission studies:they found that the use of negative ionizer disinfection reduced aerosol transmission in hamsters location , setting: Animal study— without the ionizer 3/3 hamsters were infected NPI: air purification (negative ionizer)— with the ionizer 3/3 hamsters were protected from aerosol transmission — ionizer did not block direct contact transmission Nabirova et al [15]The study considered 296 PCR-positive cases and controls were 536 PCR-negative cases who lived in the same camp. Data collected through telephonic interviews.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19: a systematic review on environmental control measures

Madhusudanan,

Iddon,

Cevik

et al. 2023

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A.

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The purpose of this review was to identify the effectiveness of environmental control (EC) non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through conducting a systematic review. EC NPIs considered in this review are room ventilation, air filtration/cleaning, room occupancy, surface disinfection, barrier devices, CO 2 monitoring and one-way-systems. Systematic searches of databases from Web of Science, Medline, EMBASE, preprint servers MedRxiv and BioRxiv were conducted in order to identify studies reported between 1 January 2020 and 1 December 2022. All articles reporting on the effectiveness of ventilation, air filtration/cleaning, room occupancy, surface disinfection, barrier devices, CO 2 monitoring and one-way systems in reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 were retrieved and screened. In total, 13 971 articles were identified for screening. The initial title and abstract screening identified 1328 articles for full text review. Overall, 19 references provided evidence for the effectiveness of NPIs: 12 reported on ventilation, 4 on air cleaning devices, 5 on surface disinfection, 6 on room occupancy and 1 on screens/barriers. No studies were found that considered the effectiveness of CO 2 monitoring or the implementation of one-way systems. Many of these studies were assessed to have critical risk of bias in at least one domain, largely due to confounding factors that could have affected the measured outcomes. As a result, there is low confidence in the findings. Evidence suggests that EC NPIs of ventilation, air cleaning devices and reduction in room-occupancy may have a role in reducing transmission in certain settings. However, the evidence was usually of low or very low quality and certainty, and hence the level of confidence ascribed to this conclusion is low. Based on the evidence found, it was not possible to draw any specific conclusions regarding the effectiveness of surface disinfection and the use of barrier devices. From these results, we further conclude that community agreed standards for well-designed epidemiological studies with low risk of bias are needed. Implementation of such standards would enable more confident assessment in the future of the effectiveness of EC NPIs in reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens in real-world settings. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the COVID-19 pandemic: the evidence’.

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“…Thus, the analysis of literature data of both foreign and domestic authors made it possible to reveal that in order to assess the health of the working population as a whole, it is necessary to study comprehensively from the standpoint of occupational health and safety. A review of special scientific literature showed that the issues of organising the occupational health and safety service have not been studied, including the insufficiently developed monitoring system for the quality of professional activity, health and life of men employed in the main industries in the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kraus et al 2019, Matsuzaki et al 2020, Ballin et al 2020, Rohwer et al, 2022Nurbek et al, 2022;Nabirova et al, 2022;Durdyev et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Change in Population Health Indicators of the Kostanay Region and the Republic of Kazakhstan

Niyazbekova

Sadibekova

Myrzagulova

et al. 2023

Physical Activity and Health

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Introduction:The study of the incidence rate and its dynamics shows the state of health of the population and the effectiveness of the work of healthcare institutions. This article is devoted to the study of the health of the population of the Kostanay region in comparison with the republican indicators. Methods:The research used an observation of 100,000 people. The regulatory and legal documents in force in the Republic of Kazakhstan have been analyzed. The dynamics of changes in morbidity were studied and analyzed. Statistical processing of the received materials, logistic and interpretative evaluation of the results was carried out. Results:The emphasis was placed on the study of diseases of the circulatory system, among which the leading place is taken by hypertension and ischemic heart disease. The dynamics of changes in the incidence of diseases of the respiratory system, injuries and poisoning, diseases of the digestive system, genitourinary system, diabetes mellitus, endocrine diseases, metabolic diseases, nervous diseases, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and the spread of oncological diseases were also studied.

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Factors Associated with an Outbreak of COVID-19 in Oilfield Workers, Kazakhstan, 2020

Cited by 6 publications

References 37 publications

High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Karaganda, Kazakhstan before the launch of COVID-19 vaccination

High SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Karaganda, Kazakhstan before the launch of COVID-19 vaccination

Non-pharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19: a systematic review on environmental control measures

Dynamics of Change in Population Health Indicators of the Kostanay Region and the Republic of Kazakhstan

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