THIS CHAPTER deals with studies of the motivational, personality, and social-cultural variables affecting meaningful learning. The section on extrinsic versus intrinsic motivation surveys the motivating effects of instructions on ego involvement, level of aspiration, and achievement motive. The personality variables given greatest attention are anxiety, self-attitudes, authoritarianism, and values and interests. The section on research on social-cultural variables includes teacher-pupil and peer relationships as well as group versus individual learning settings and the learning-variable concomitants of socioeconomic status.