Factors associated with brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in the general population

Abstract

The present study investigated factors that modify or affect arterial stiffness as assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in the general population. Subjects had previously participated in a physical checkup program (n ¼ 911), and baPWV and urinary albumin and sodium excretion were also measured. Urine albumin was expressed as the ratio of urine albumin to urine creatinine. Individual salt intake was assessed by estimating 24-h urinary salt excretion and expressed as the ratio of estimated salt intake to body weight. The mean blood pressure and baPWV were 127.1±15.2/77.0±9.5 mm Hg and 15.9±3.3 m s À1 , respectively. Univariate analysis demonstrated that baPWV correlated with various factors including age, blood pressure, electrocardiogram voltage (SV 1 þ RV 5 ), urine albumin and salt intake. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that electrocardiogram voltage (Po0.001), systolic blood pressure (Po0.0001), urine albumin (Po0.001) and salt intake (Po0.001), independently correlated with baPWV after adjustment for other possible factors. Similar results were obtained for participants not taking any medication. These results suggest that the baPWV value is independently associated with individual salt intake and cardiac and renal damage, and could be a useful procedure for identifying individuals with concealed risk of cardiovascular disease.

Whole-body vibration exercise training reduces arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women with prehypertension and hypertension

“…It is possible that repeated exposure to these local vasodilatory substances may explain the longterm reductions in legPWV and baPWV after WBV exercise training. Although baPWV and legPWV are associated with BP, 7,8,40 the reductions in BP were not correlated with decreases in arterial stiffness in the present study. Therefore, the preferential reduction in legPWV suggests that WBV exercise training may improve leg artery vasomotor tone.…”

“…The magnitude of the change in baPWV is approximately 0.4 m/second greater than that observed in our previous study in premenopausal women after 6 weeks of WBV exercise training. The discrepancy would be related to a greater baseline baPWV level attributable to aging, longer duration (12 vs 6 wk), and higher vibration frequencies (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40) in the present study compared with our previous study. 21 Although WBV exercise training and RET have comparable effects on muscle strength, 16,17,20 they may impact arterial stiffness differently.…”

“…Studies longer than 12 weeks 16,17 or with loaded (additional weight) exercises 21 may be required to induce significant increases in lean mass. Also, our findings may not apply to vibration characteristics different from those used in the present study (25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40) or with shorter-term WBV exercise training. Because 6 to 12 months of WBV exercise training at 35 to 40 Hz have been demonstrated to increase bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, 17,41 further research should be performed to investigate the impact of long-term WBV exercise training on bone and arterial functions.…”

Secondary Prevention of New Vascular Events with Lifestyle Intervention in Patients with Noncardioembolic Mild Ischemic Stroke: A Single-Center Randomized Controlled Trial

“…Higher salt intake has been demonstrated to increase renal sympathetic nerve activation [27] and arterial stiffness [28], and physical inactivity has been demonstrated to worsen insulin sensitivity and decrease HDL-C levels. Moreover, our lifestyle intervention significantly increased the daily duration of moderate-intensity physical activity, which has various effects on vascular health, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and enhances endothelial function [29].…”

Brachial-Ankle PWV: Current Status and Future Directions as a Useful Marker in the Management of Cardiovascular Disease and/or Cardiovascular Risk Factors

“…Sympathetic nervous activation induced by hypoxia resulting from apnea may be one of the mechanisms underlying the accelerated increase of the arterial stiffness in subjects with sleep apnea 34) . Although several cross- 46) , subclinical cerebral damage 47) , cognitive dysfunction 48) , renal dysfunction 49,50) , cardiac diastolic dysfunction 51) , left ventricular hypertrophy 52) , and/or increased carotid intima-media thickness 53) ].…”