Factors Associated With Changes in Gait Speed in Older Adults

Buchner, David M.; Cress, M. Elaine; Esselman, Peter C.; Margherita, Anthony J.; Lateur, Barbara J. de; Campbell, Alastair V.; Wagner, Edward H.

doi:10.1093/gerona/51a.6.m297

Cited by 119 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…An abundance of research evidence has demonstrated that OA walk differently than younger adults (YA) (Prince et ai, 1997;Judge, Ounpuu, & Davis, 1996;Buchner et al, 1996;Alexander, 1994;Nutt, Marsden, & Thompson, 1993). For example, Winter (1991) reported that OA walked with wider strides and shorter steps compared to younger adults (YA).…”

Section: Age Related Changes In the Kinematics Of Gaitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obstacle negotiation kinematics: age-dependent effects of postural threat

McKenzie

Brown

2004

Gait & Posture

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DEDICATIONI dedicate this thesis to my Poppa, John Joseph Lacey. You have taught me the meaning of dignity.iii ABSTRACTThe effects of postural threat and the potential consequences of obstacle contact on the obstacle negotiation kinematics among younger and older adults were examined. Seventeen older (OA; 7 males, 10 females; mean age, 68.94 ± 4.85) and fifteen younger adults (YA; 5 males, 10 females; mean age, 22.53 ± 2.77) negotiated virtual and real obstacles while walking at a self-determined velocity along a 7.2m walkway under 4 different conditions of postural threat. Postural threat was manipulated by varying the width (0.60m versus 0.15m) and height (floor versus elevated (0.00m versus 0.60m)) of the walkway. Postural threat altered crossing kinematics for all subjects. Specifically, age-related differences emerged with increasing postural threat, however die changes observed among older adults were considerably different from those of younger adults. Additionally, there was an effect for the potential consequences of obstacle contact, however, no age-related differences emerged. These results revealed an effect for postural threat and obstacle characteristics on the negotiation strategies of younger and older adults. Both postural threat and obstacle characteristics elicit conservative crossing kinematics in younger and older adults. Specifically, these findings illustrate age-dependent differences in obstacle negotiation strategies and that postural threat affects older adults differently than younger adults whereas the potential consequences of obstacle contact affects younger and older adults equally. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe did it! This thesis would not have been possible without die support of my family and friends. I would like to show my appreciation to everyone who encouraged and stood by me during the creation of this thesis.

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Section: Age Related Changes In the Kinematics Of Gaitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obstacle negotiation kinematics: age-dependent effects of postural threat

McKenzie

Brown

2004

Gait & Posture

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“…53 Whereas a nearly linear relationship accounted for gains in muscle strength and improved function for the frail elderly, a nonlinear relationship accounted for the smaller gains following a similar intervention in a well-elder population. 54 In our investigation, for example, the strength of the association between lower extremity strength and gait speed suggests that the patients are frail. The distribution and mean values of performance measures also support the contention that the participants are frail.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…[23][24][25][26] Twenty-one to 44% of the variance in gait speed has been explained by a combination of height, calf strength, activity level, pain, health status, weight, maximal oxygen consumption, and lower extremity strength scores. [25][26][27][28] Similarly, 25 to 40% of the variance in maximal gait speed has been explained by quadriceps strength and one-legged balance. 23,28 Although the results suggest that lower extremity muscular performance is related to walking speed in elders, it is clear that a large portion of the variability in gait speed is not accounted for in the statistical models reported to date.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[25][26][27][28] Similarly, 25 to 40% of the variance in maximal gait speed has been explained by quadriceps strength and one-legged balance. 23,28 Although the results suggest that lower extremity muscular performance is related to walking speed in elders, it is clear that a large portion of the variability in gait speed is not accounted for in the statistical models reported to date. Only three studies were found that attempted to identify variables related to gait speed in elders after hip fracture.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Predictors of Gait Speed in Patients after Hip Fracture

Mangione¹,

Craik²,

Lopopolo³

et al. 2008

Physiotherapy Canada

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Purpose: Following hip fracture, patients demonstrate greatly reduced walking speeds 1 year later compared with age-matched elders. The purpose of our study was to examine the factors that relate to gait speed in patients after hip fracture. Methods: Forty-two men and women (mean age 79 AE 7.5 years) who sustained a hip fracture participated in this study. Linear regression analysis was used to determine a statistical model that best predicted gait speed, the dependent variable. Gait speed was measured with a computerized gait mat. The independent variables were age, sex, height, weight, time post-fracture, medications, mental status, depression, balance confidence, Medical Outcome Studies, Short Form (SF-36), balance, and lower extremity isometric force. All subjects were discharged from physical therapy services, and measurements were taken, on average, 17 weeks post-fracture. Results: Using stepwise regression, 72% of the variance in gait speed was explained by summed lower extremity strength normalized by body weight, general health (SF-36), and balance confidence (Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale). Conclusions: Impairments (summed lower extremity strength) and risk factors (perception of general health and balance confidence) are important predictors of gait speed in elders after hip fracture. RÉ SUMÉ DES POINTS CLÉ SObjectif : Les patients qui subissent une fracture à la hanche marchent beaucoup moins vite un an aprè s une fracture que leurs pairs du mê me â ge. L'objectif de cette é tude est d'examiner les facteurs lié s à la vitesse de la marche chez les patients ayant subi une fracture de la hanche. Me´thodologie : Quarante-deux hommes et femmes (â ge moyen de 79 AE 7,5 ans) ayant subi une fracture à la hanche ont participé à cette é tude. L'analyse de ré gression liné aire a servi à dé terminer un modè le statistique pré voyant le mieux la vitesse de la marche qui constitue la variable dé pendante. La vitesse de la marche a é té mesuré e à l'aide d'un tapis de marche é lectronique. Les variables indé pendantes sont l'â ge, le sexe, la grandeur, le poids, le temps é coulé aprè s la fracture, les mé dicaments, l'é tat mental, la dé pression, la confiance de l'é quilibre, Medical Outcome Studies, Short Form (SF-36), l'é quilibre, et la force isomé trique du membre infé rieur. Pour tous les sujets, les services de physiothé rapie avaient pris fin et les mesures avaient é té prises, en moyenne, 17 semaines aprè s la fracture. Re´sultats : À l'aide de l'analyse de ré gression par degré s, 72 % de la variance dans la vitesse de marche s'expliquaient par une force totale du membre infé rieur normalisé e par le poids corporel, l'é tat de santé (SF-36), et la confiance de l'é quilibre (É chelle de confiance de l'é quilibre spé cifique aux activité s). Conclusions : Les dé ficiences (force totale du membre infé rieur) ainsi que les facteurs de risque (perception de l'é tat de santé gé né ral et de la confiance de l'é quilibre) sont d'importantes variables explicatives de la vitesse de la marc...

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“…Myriad influences, ranging from maintaining stability (Cooper et al, 2008) to sending signals about health and emotional state (Buchner et al, 1996;Schneider et al, 2014), will have some effect on the final optimization solution selected under a given circumstance. However, in most common situations, including the standardized circumstances of a laboratory investigation of walking or running, energetics will be a dominating contributor to the task faced by the individual, and thus will be a critical determiner of the effective optimization strategy.…”

Section: Abstract Locomotion Walking Task Constraint Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

The goal of locomotion: Separating the fundamental task from the mechanisms that accomplish it

2017

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Human locomotion has been well described but is still not well understood. This is largely true because the observable aspects of locomotion-neuromuscular activity that generates forces and motions-relate to both the task solution and the problem being solved. Identifying the fundamental task achieved in locomotion makes it possible to critically evaluate the motor control strategy used to accomplish the task goal. We contend that the readily observed movements and activities of locomotion should be considered mechanism(s). Our proposal is that the fundamental task of walking and running is analogous to flight, and should be defined in terms of the interaction of the individual's mass with the medium in which it moves: a low-density fluid for flight, or the supporting substrate for legged locomotion. A rigorous definition of the fundamental task can help identify the constraints and opportunities that influence its solution and guide the selection of appropriate mechanisms to accomplish the task effectively. The results from robotics-based modeling studies have demonstrated how the interaction of the mass and substrate can be optimized, making the goal of movement a defined trajectory of the individual's mass. We assessed these concepts by evaluating the ground reaction forces generated by an optimization model that satisfies the task but uses none of the mechanisms that are available to the human leg. Then we compared this model to normal human walking. Although it is obvious that the specific task of locomotion changes with a variety of movement challenges, clearly identifying the fundamental task of locomotion puts all other features in an interpretable context.

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Factors Associated With Changes in Gait Speed in Older Adults

Cited by 119 publications

References 16 publications

Obstacle negotiation kinematics: age-dependent effects of postural threat

Obstacle negotiation kinematics: age-dependent effects of postural threat

Predictors of Gait Speed in Patients after Hip Fracture

The goal of locomotion: Separating the fundamental task from the mechanisms that accomplish it

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