Factors associated with depression in Parkinson's disease

Risk Factors of Major Depressive Disorder in Parkinson’s Disease

“…The close relationship among these factors is well known in depression with PD. 24,25,[27][28][29][30][31]38,40 It was to be found that the duration of PD symptoms was not related to depression, which supports the idea that depression might be a neuropathological process occurring concomitantly or before the degeneration of motor systems, which is similar with other study. 41 An interesting and surprising finding was that H-Y stage and disability was not associated with depression in multivariate logistic regression model but was significant in univariate analysis.…”

“…21,22,38,40,41 It is likely that depression in PD is multifactorial which includes age, sex, disease severity, longer disease duration, a younger PD onset age, frequent fall, lower education level, smoking and regular use of non-aspirin bases NSAIDs or analgesics. [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Whereas a recent study reported that PD patients with depression were associated with different demographic and clinical factors. [38][39][40][41] These findings emphasize the need to study the factors associated with depression in this population.…”

Cognitive and neuroanatomical correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review

“…Further, earlier studies have used a limited number of participants or used general cognitive measurements which do not assess a broader range of cognitive domains. In patients with PD, the development of NPS has been frequently linked to the use of antiparkinsonian treatments but not to dementia [70,71]. There are several pieces of evidence which support the hypothesis that cognitive impairments and dementia are a consequence of the development of NPS in general and apathy in particular [14, 41, 43-45, 47-53, 72].…”

Prevalence, impact, and management of depression and anxiety in patients with Parkinson’s disease

“…25,[34][35][36] Some studies have found associations between depression and rapid disease progression, 18,37,38 motor fluctuations, 39 severity of illness, 40 younger age of onset, 38,39,41 and right-sided motor asymmetry. [41][42][43] Although some studies show an association between disease severity and depression, 9 it should be noted that associations between disease severity and depression may relate to the overlap between somatic symptoms of PD and somatic depressive symptomology, often measured by self-report questionnaires like the Beck Depression Inventory.…”