Factors Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major public health issue, and the aim of the present study was to identify the factors associated with GDM. Databases were searched for observational studies until August 20, 2020. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models. 103 studies involving 1,826,454 pregnant women were identified. Results indicated that maternal age ≥ 25 years (OR: 2.466, 95% CI: (2.121, 2.866)), prepregnancy overweight or obese (OR: 2.637, 95% CI: (1.561, 4.453)), family history of diabetes (FHD) (OR: 2.326, 95% CI: (1.904, 2.843)), history of GDM (OR: 21.137, 95% CI: (8.785, 50.858)), macrosomia (OR: 2.539, 95% CI: (1.612, 4.000)), stillbirth (OR: 2.341, 95% CI: (1.435, 3.819)), premature delivery (OR: 3.013, 95% CI: (1.569, 5.787)), and pregestational smoking (OR: 2.322, 95% CI: (1.359, 3.967)) increased the risk of GDM with all P < 0.05 , whereas history of congenital anomaly and abortion, and HIV status showed no correlation with GDM ( P > 0.05 ). Being primigravida (OR: 0.752, 95% CI: (0.698, 0.810), P < 0.001 ) reduced the risk of GDM. The factors influencing GDM included maternal age ≥ 25 , prepregnancy overweight or obese, FHD, history of GDM, macrosomia, stillbirth, premature delivery, pregestational smoking, and primigravida.

Plasma Manganese Levels and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study

“…Previous studies reported that being overweight or obese pre-pregnancy, non-primipara, lack of physical activity, and carrying a baby boy were risk factors for GDM. In stratified analyses of this study, the positive associations between Mn levels and GDM remained significant.…”

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors among rural pregnant women attending antenatal care

“…The prevalence of GDM in the Indian population is high compared with other Asian countries [7,16,19,20] . This evidence indicates that the prevalence of GDM might also be affected not only by different screening methods and diagnostic criteria but also by the characteristics of the population [6][7][8][9][10]14] . In the present study, 7.6% pregnant women (46) were diagnosed as GDM using DIPSI recommended 75 gm OGTT.…”

“…Although maternal age is an established risk factor for gestational diabetes, the exact cause of the association between maternal age and GDM is not clearly understood. The association of advanced maternal age with higher parity, obesity, and increased insulin resistance due to parity, higher levels of circulating adipokines and inflammatory markers, as well as oxidative stress may partially clarify this association [3,13,14,20,29] . Similarly, the educational status of pregnant women was found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of gestational diabetes.…”

“…Earlier studies suggested that the increasing occurrence of GDM was related to factors such as maternal age ≥ 25 years, overweight or obese, smoking, previous history of GDM, macrosomia, spontaneous abortions or stillbirths, multiparity and premature delivery significantly increased the risk of GDM whereas, history of congenital anomaly, HIV status, and history of abortion showed no impact on the risk of GDM [10,[14][15][16][17][18] . Overall, it can be concluded that the prevalence of GDM varies from region to region.…”

Effects of Probiotic Supplementation during Pregnancy on the Future Maternal Risk of Metabolic Syndrome

“…It is well known that a key factor in limiting the action of insulin is the increased inflammatory response associated with excess body fat [ 62 , 63 , 64 ]. The risk factors for GDM are pre-pregnancy obesity and excess weight, EGWG, a family history of T2DM, advanced maternal age, multiparity, GDM during previous pregnancies, giving birth to a baby with a birth weight greater than 4000 g in previous pregnancies, and polycystic ovary syndrome [ 65 , 66 ]. It should be noted that diabetes often coexists with obesity.…”