Factors Associated with Periodontitis in Patients with and without HIV

Abstract

Purpose. The aim of this study was to compare clinical periodontal conditions in HIV-positive people on HAART with an HIV-negative group, in addition to investigating factors associated with periodontitis in the entire sample. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected by oral clinical examination for the diagnosis of periodontitis, review of medical records, and application of a questionnaire containing personal data, deleterious habits, and oral hygiene habits for the other variables. The results were analyzed by Pearson’s χ2 test and Student’s t-test. A logistic regression model was constructed for the multivariate analysis and periodontitis was defined as a dependent variable. The analysis was performed on the entire sample (HIV+ and HIV−) and also on the group consisting of only people living with HIV. Results. Individuals older than 43 years old and with HIV were more likely to develop moderate and severe periodontitis (47.80 and 4.84 times, respectively). When analyzing only HIV+, in addition to age (OR = 2.795; CI = 1.080−7.233), the use of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) (OR = 2.841; CI = 1.135−7.112) was also associated with moderate and severe periodontitis. Conclusion. It was possible to observe a higher prevalence of periodontitis among individuals with HIV, showing an association between the virus, advanced age, and moderate or severe periodontitis.

Postmenopausal women with HIV have increased tooth loss

“…[ 36 , 37 ] In a recent review, it has been suggested that the characteristics of biological aging-cellular senescence, stem cell exhausation and immunoaging are also involved in maintaining periodontal homeostasis leading to increased tooth loss in subjects whose biological age at baseline is higher than their chronological age. [ 38 ] Other studies have shown that as people with HIV get older they are more likely to develop moderate to severe periodontal disease [ 39 ] and have increased tooth loss. [ 40 ] Therefore in order to maintain a functional dentition (> 20 teeth present) in peole with HIV throughout their lifetime, it is important to aggressively treat periodontal disease earlier to prevent future tooth loss as they potentially undergo accelerated biological cellular aging in the periodontal complex.…”

Association between virus infection and periodontitis: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009−2014

“…On one hand, HIV has been reported to contribute to the deterioration of oral health, which is considered an early clinical manifestation of HIV infection 67 . A recent cross‐sectional study observed that HIV might be positively related to periodontitis, potentially attributed to the side effects of medications, 68 However, some study reveals a negative correlation. One possible explanation lies in the alterations to the microbiomes in HIV patients.…”