Factors associated with persistence of African animal trypanosomiasis in Lango subregion, northern Uganda

Wangoola, Robert Mandela; Bardosh, Kevin; Acup, Christine Among; Welburn, Susan C.; Waiswa, Charles; Bugeza, James

doi:10.1007/s11250-019-01900-7

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…vivax, respectively. This research further demonstrates that T. brucei brucei, T. vivax, and T. congolense are still present in livestock reservoirs in the broader Lango subregion, of [28]. The AAT disease complex in cattle is generally transmitted cyclically by Glossina species tsetse flies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Furthermore, in addition to cattle serving as key reservoirs of trypanosomiasis, wild ungulates also play an important part in the epidemiological cycle of trypanosomiasis by serving as reservoirs. The Lango subregion that includes Lira District still contains an abundance of free-roaming wild ungulates, which are potential trypanosomiasis reservoirs, due to its closeness to the Murchison Falls Conservation Area [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax in Lira District, Uganda

Katabazi

Aliero

Witto

et al. 2021

BioMed Research International

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Trypanosomes are the causative agents of animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), the former affecting domestic animals prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main species causing AAT in cattle are T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. b. brucei. Northern Uganda has been politically unstable with no form of vector control in place. The return of displaced inhabitants led to the restocking of cattle from AAT endemic areas. It was thus important to estimate the burden of trypanosomiasis in the region. This study was designed to compare the prevalence of animal African trypanosomes in cattle in Lira District using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) methods. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 254 cattle from the three villages of Acanakwo A, Barropok, and Acungkena in Lira District, Uganda, were selected by simple random sampling technique and screened for trypanosomiasis using microscopy and PCR methods. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis according to microscopic results was 5/254 (2.0%) as compared to 11/254 (4.3%) trypanosomiasis prevalence according to PCR analysis. The prevalence of trypanosomiasis infection in the animal studied is 11/254 (4.3%). Trypanosoma congolense was the most dominant trypanosome species with a proportion of 9/11 (81.8%), followed by T. vivax 1/11 (9.1%) and mixed infection of T. congolense/T. vivax1/11 (9.1%). Barropok village had the highest prevalence of trypanosomiasis with 6/11 (54.5%). There is a statistically significant relationship ( OR = 6.041 ; 95% CI: 1.634-22.331; p < 0.05 ) between abnormal PCV and trypanosome infection. Polymerase reaction amplification was the most reliable diagnostic method due to its high sensitivity and specificity as compared to the conventional microscopic method. Polymerase reaction amplification appears to have adequate accuracy to substitute the use of a microscope where facilities allow. This study, therefore, underscores the urgent need for local surveillance schemes more especially at the grassroots in Uganda to provide data for reference guideline development needed for the control of trypanosomiasis in Uganda.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax in Lira District, Uganda

Katabazi

Aliero

Witto

et al. 2021

BioMed Research International

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“…In smaller herd sizes farmers can easily use clinical signs correctly compared to in larger herd sizes. The longer the experience in cattle keeping the higher the chances to use clinical signs correctly as these are among the many factors that can contribute to control or persistence of animal trypanosomosis in a community as evidenced by (Wangoola et al, 2019) in a recent study covering Lango sub region of Uganda. The practice of using clinical signs before treatment further suggests that many seemingly healthy animals are left untreated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge Attitude and Practices (KAPs) on Control of Bovine African Trypanosomosis in Pastoral Communities Surrounding Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda

Kizza

Ocaido

Mugisha

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: A survey was done among pastoral communities surrounding Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda to assess knowledge, attitude and practices about the control of bovine traypanosomosis. Methods: This was done using participatory methods and structured questionnaire.Results: The majority of the participants had ever seen tsetse flies and had ever heard about trypanosomosis with no significant difference (P > 0.05) across the five sub counties About 116 participants (73.9%) stated that trypanosomosis was a major disease in their area and across the five sub counties significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed. Farmers grazing near national parks and animals sharing grazing land and watering points with wild life respectively were considered the main causes of Bovine trypanosomosis. A significant difference (P < 0.01) in knowledge of farmers about the causes and signs of trypanosomosis in the study sub counties was observed. There was a high significant difference (P < 0.01) in control practices of trypanosomosis used in the study sub counties with the majority of farmers (58.6%) using insecticide treated cattle and significantly differed across the sub counties.Conclusion: The majority of participants had ever heard/seen tsetse flies and had ever heard about Nagana. Grazing near national parks and animal sharing grazing land and watering points with wildlife were the main causes of trypanosomosis. Insecticide treated cattle and not grazing in areas infested with tsetse flies were the major control practices of trypanosomosis. Knowledge about the disease, farmers’ attitude and control practices have overtime contributed to the pastoral communities and their cattle developing the needed resilience for survival in this high risk area.

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“…Since 2001, movements of infected animals from districts for which rHAT is endemic to new unaffected districts have spread rHAT around the shores of Lake Kyoga, toward the T. b. gambiense HAT (gHAT) focus in the north of the country (7)(8)(9)(10). In 2008, 40% of cattle involved in inter-district trade were estimated to have been transported from rHAT endemic zones in the southeast to north and central districts (11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Livestock Network Analysis for Rhodesiense Human African Trypanosomiasis Control in Uganda

et al. 2021

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Background: Infected cattle sourced from districts with established foci for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense human African trypanosomiasis (rHAT) migrating to previously unaffected districts, have resulted in a significant expansion of the disease in Uganda. This study explores livestock movement data to describe cattle trade network topology and assess the effects of disease control interventions on the transmission of rHAT infectiousness.Methods: Network analysis was used to generate a cattle trade network with livestock data which was collected from cattle traders (n = 197) and validated using random graph methods. Additionally, the cattle trade network was combined with a susceptible, infected, recovered (SIR) compartmental model to simulate spread of rHAT (Ro 1.287), hence regarded as “slow” pathogen, and evaluate the effects of disease interventions.Results: The cattle trade network exhibited a low clustering coefficient (0.5) with most cattle markets being weakly connected and a few being highly connected. Also, analysis of the cattle movement data revealed a core group comprising of cattle markets from both eastern (rHAT endemic) and northwest regions (rHAT unaffected area). Presence of a core group may result in rHAT spread to unaffected districts and occurrence of super spreader cattle market or markets in case of an outbreak. The key cattle markets that may be targeted for routine rHAT surveillance and control included Namutumba, Soroti, and Molo, all of which were in southeast Uganda. Using effective trypanosomiasis such as integrated cattle injection with trypanocides and spraying can sufficiently slow the spread of rHAT in the network.Conclusion: Cattle trade network analysis indicated a pathway along which T. b. rhodesiense could spread northward from eastern Uganda. Targeted T. b. rhodesiense surveillance and control in eastern Uganda, through enhanced public–private partnerships, would serve to limit its spread.

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Factors associated with persistence of African animal trypanosomiasis in Lango subregion, northern Uganda

Cited by 9 publications

References 16 publications

Prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax in Lira District, Uganda

Prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax in Lira District, Uganda

Knowledge Attitude and Practices (KAPs) on Control of Bovine African Trypanosomosis in Pastoral Communities Surrounding Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda

Livestock Network Analysis for Rhodesiense Human African Trypanosomiasis Control in Uganda

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