Factors Associated with Poor Olfaction and Olfactory Decline in Older Adults in the ARIC Neurocognitive Study

Shrestha, Srishti; Zhu, Xiaoqian; Kamath, Vidyulata; Sullivan, Kevin J.; Deal, Jennifer A.; Sharrett, A. Richey; Schneider, Andrea L. C.; Palta, Priya; Gottesman, Rebecca F.; Windham, B. Gwen; Mosley, Thomas H.; Griswold, Michael E.; Chen, Honglei

doi:10.3390/nu15163641

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 62 publications

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“…In older adults, poor olfaction is age dependent 1 , 2 , 3 and robustly predicts age‐related neurodegenerative diseases and all‐cause death. 45 , 46 Emerging evidence further suggests that poor olfaction is associated with a broad range of age‐related adverse health conditions beyond neurodegenerative diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, 1 , 10 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 diabetes, 51 , 52 cirrhosis, 53 kidney dysfunction, 54 frailty, 55 pneumonia, 18 depression, 56 physical functioning decline, 17 and loss of lean body mass. 57 Some of the evidence comes from well‐designed longitudinal cohorts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Impairment and the Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Adults

Chamberlin,

Yuan,

et al. 2024

JAHA

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Background Olfactory impairment is common in older adults and may be associated with adverse cardiovascular health; however, empirical evidence is sparse. We examined olfaction in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods and Results This study included 2537 older adults (aged 75.6±2.8 years) from the Health ABC (Health, Aging, and Body Composition) study with olfaction assessed by the 12‐item Brief Smell Identification Test in 1999 to 2000, defined as poor (score ≤8), moderate (9–10), or good (11–12). The outcomes were incident CHD, stroke, and CHF. During up to a 12‐year follow‐up, 353 incident CHD, 258 stroke, and 477 CHF events were identified. Olfaction was statistically significantly associated with incident CHF, but not with CHD or stroke. After adjusting for demographics, risk factors, and biomarkers of CHF, the cause‐specific hazard ratio (HR) of CHF was 1.32 (95% CI, 1.05–1.66) for moderate and 1.28 (95% CI, 1.01–1.64) for poor olfaction. These associations were robust in preplanned subgroup analyses by age, sex, race, and prevalent CHD/stroke. While the subgroup results were not statistically significantly different, the association of olfaction with CHF appeared to be evident among participants who reported very good to excellent health (HR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.01–2.14] for moderate; and 1.76 [95% CI, 1.20–2.58] for poor olfaction), but not among those with fair to poor self‐reported health (HR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.64–1.70] for moderate; and 0.92 [95% CI, 0.58–1.47] for poor olfaction). Conclusions In community‐dwelling older adults, a single olfaction test was associated with a long‐term risk for incident CHF, particularly among those reporting very good to excellent health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Impairment and the Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Adults

Chamberlin,

Yuan,

et al. 2024

JAHA

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Understanding the Prevalence and Risk Factor Profile of Olfactory Impairment and Its Impact on Patient Health Indicators and Economic Outcomes in Community-Dwelling Older Asian Adults

Man,

Wong,

Gupta

et al. 2024

Innovation in Aging

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Background and Objectives There is a paucity of data on the prevalence, risk factors and impact of olfactory impairment (OI) on key health indicators and economic outcomes in Asian populations. We aimed to address these gaps in a population of community-dwelling older adults. Research Design and Methods We included 2,101 participants (mean age ± SD: 72.9 ± 8.1 years; 55.1% women) from the baseline assessment of the Population Health and Eye Disease Profile in Elderly Singaporeans (PIONEER) study (2017-2022). Any OI was based on a score of <11 on the 16-item identification segment of the Sniffin' Sticks test battery; sub-categorized into hyposmia (score 9-10) and anosmia (score ≤ 8). Sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle risk determinants, health indicators (health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, daily caloric intake, frailty, and cognitive impairment [CI]) and economic outcomes (healthcare expenditure, productivity loss) were assessed via standardized clinical testing and/or validated questionnaires. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were utilized to explore the risk factor profile of OI across its severity spectrum and its impact on health indicators and economic outcomes. Results The census-adjusted prevalence of any OI, hyposmia, and anosmia were 34.0%, 20.5% and 13.5%, respectively. Older age and male gender were associated with increased likelihood of hyposmia and anosmia, while the presence of diabetes and >4 days/week alcohol consumption were associated with increased odds of having anosmia only (all p <0.05). Both hyposmia and anosmia were also associated with more than 2-fold increased odds of having CI. Discussion and Implications Over a third of our community-dwelling older Singaporean population had OI, with one-in-ten experiencing total olfaction loss. Those with OI had more than double the odds of having CI, regardless of its severity. Our results suggest the importance of community-based programs aimed at detecting and delaying the progression of OI in high-risk individuals.

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Factors Associated with Poor Olfaction and Olfactory Decline in Older Adults in the ARIC Neurocognitive Study

Cited by 2 publications

References 62 publications

Olfactory Impairment and the Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Adults

Olfactory Impairment and the Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Adults

Understanding the Prevalence and Risk Factor Profile of Olfactory Impairment and Its Impact on Patient Health Indicators and Economic Outcomes in Community-Dwelling Older Asian Adults

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