Factors Associated with Presence of Pharmacies and Pharmacies that Sell Syringes Over-the-Counter in Los Angeles County

Stopka, Thomas J.; Geraghty, Estella M.; Azari, Rahman; Gold, Ellen B.; DeRiemer, Kathryn

doi:10.1007/s11524-013-9798-7

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…We have described hotspot analyses in more detail elsewere [ 15 , 16 ]. All maps and spatial analyses were conducted in ArcGIS v10.3.1 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Clustering in Mississippi: Spatial Epidemiological Study to Inform Implementation Science in the Deep South

Stopka¹,

Brinkley‐Rubinstein²,

Johnson³

et al. 2018

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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BackgroundIn recent years, more than half of new HIV infections in the United States occur among African Americans in the Southeastern United States. Spatial epidemiological analyses can inform public health responses in the Deep South by identifying HIV hotspots and community-level factors associated with clustering.ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to identify and characterize HIV clusters in Mississippi through analysis of state-level HIV surveillance data.MethodsWe used a combination of spatial epidemiology and statistical modeling to identify and characterize HIV hotspots in Mississippi census tracts (n=658) from 2008 to 2014. We conducted spatial analyses of all HIV infections, infections among men who have sex with men (MSM), and infections among African Americans. Multivariable logistic regression analyses identified community-level sociodemographic factors associated with HIV hotspots considering all cases.ResultsThere were HIV hotspots for the entire population, MSM, and African American MSM identified in the Mississippi Delta region, Southern Mississippi, and in greater Jackson, including surrounding rural counties (P<.05). In multivariable models for all HIV cases, HIV hotspots were significantly more likely to include urban census tracts (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.01, 95% CI 1.20-3.37) and census tracts that had a higher proportion of African Americans (AOR 3.85, 95% CI 2.23-6.65). The HIV hotspots were less likely to include census tracts with residents who had less than a high school education (AOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92-0.98), census tracts with residents belonging to two or more racial/ethnic groups (AOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.30-0.70), and census tracts that had a higher percentage of the population living below the poverty level (AOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.28-0.92).ConclusionsWe used spatial epidemiology and statistical modeling to identify and characterize HIV hotspots for the general population, MSM, and African Americans. HIV clusters concentrated in Jackson and the Mississippi Delta. African American race and urban location were positively associated with clusters, whereas having less than a high school education and having a higher percentage of the population living below the poverty level were negatively associated with clusters. Spatial epidemiological analyses can inform implementation science and public health response strategies, including improved HIV testing, targeted prevention and risk reduction education, and tailored preexposure prophylaxis to address HIV disparities in the South.

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“…We have described hotspot analyses in more detail elsewere [ 15 , 16 ]. All maps and spatial analyses were conducted in ArcGIS v10.3.1 (ESRI, Redlands, CA, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Clustering in Mississippi: Spatial Epidemiological Study to Inform Implementation Science in the Deep South

Stopka¹,

Brinkley‐Rubinstein²,

Johnson³

et al. 2018

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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“…They screen patients for alcohol and opioid use disorders, [24][25][26][27][28][29][30] participate in medical cannabis dispensing and management, [31][32][33][34] and provide opioid overdose education and train patients and family members on naloxone administration techniques. [35][36][37][38][39][40][41] In addition, pharmacists sell sterile needles and syringes in community pharmacies, [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] dispense and administer medications for SUD treatment, 37,52 and connect patients to recovery services. Expanding their roles on patient care teams, pharmacists partner with other disciplines to prevent, screen for, manage, and treat all SUD, including administration of evidence-based pharmacotherapies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Article Commentary: Pharmacy: Addressing Substance use in the 21st Century

Bratberg

2019

Substance Abuse

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Across all care environments, pharmacists play an essential role in the care of people who use and misuse psychoactive substances, including those diagnosed with substance use disorders. To optimize, sustain, and expand these independent and collaborative roles, the Association for Multidisciplinary Education and Research in Substance Use and Addiction (AMERSA) has developed core competencies for pharmacists to address substance use in the 21st century. Key concepts, skills, and attitudes are outlined, with links to entrustable professional activities to assist with integration into a variety of ideally interdisciplinary curricular activities.

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“…Hot spot analysis is a statistically based method used to identify spatial clusters of high and low values of a phenomenon of interest. Recent studies using this technique have studied geographic variations in medication adherence[ 30 , 31 ], health care spending[ 32 ], locations of over-the-counter (OTC) syringe-selling pharmacies[ 33 ], health disparities in delivery of primary care[ 34 ], availability of healthcare professionals[ 35 ] and locations requiring more Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program services[ 36 ]. To our knowledge, however, hot spot analysis has not been employed to identify clusters of pharmacy deserts for elderly enrolled in SPAPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping pharmacy deserts and determining accessibility to community pharmacy services for elderly enrolled in a State Pharmaceutical Assistance Program

Pednekar

Peterson

2018

PLoS ONE

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ObjectivesLimited studies have investigated geographic accessibility to a nearby community pharmacy for elderly which is an essential determinant of the access to medications and pharmacy services. This research identified pharmacy deserts and investigated availability of different types of community pharmacies and their services for elderly enrolled in a State Pharmaceutical Assistance Program (SPAP).MethodsThe state of Pennsylvania in the US was used as a case to demonstrate the geographic accessibility to community pharmacy and services for elderly enrolled in SPAP. The locations of community pharmacies and households of elderly enrolled in SPAP were derived from Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly programs’ database. The street addresses were geocoded and the distance to a nearby community pharmacy was calculated for study sample using the haversine formula. The demographic and geographic data were aggregated to Census Tracts and pharmacy deserts were identified using the predefined criteria. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to determine whether there are statistical differences in the socio-demographic profiles and distribution of different types of community pharmacies and their services in pharmacy deserts and non-deserts. This research used hot spot analyses at county level to identify clusters of pharmacy deserts, areas with high concentration of different racial/ethnic groups and clusters of high densities of chain and independent pharmacies.ResultsThe Spatial analysis revealed that 39% and 61% Census Tracts in Pennsylvania were pharmacy deserts and non-deserts respectively (p < 0.001). Pharmacy deserts were found to have significantly more females, married and white elderly and fewer blacks and Hispanics compared to pharmacy non-deserts. Pharmacy deserts had significantly fewer chain and independent pharmacies and less delivery and 24-hour services in pharmacies than pharmacy non-deserts. Hot spot analyses showed that clusters of pharmacy deserts were more concentrated in southcentral, northwest and northeast regions of the state which represent rural areas and overlapped with clusters of high concentration of white individuals.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that urban-rural inequality, racial/ethnic disparity and differences in availability of pharmacies and their services exist between pharmacy deserts and non-deserts. The methodological approach and analyses used in this study can also be applied to other public health programs to evaluate the coverage and breadth of public health services.

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Factors Associated with Presence of Pharmacies and Pharmacies that Sell Syringes Over-the-Counter in Los Angeles County

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

HIV Clustering in Mississippi: Spatial Epidemiological Study to Inform Implementation Science in the Deep South

HIV Clustering in Mississippi: Spatial Epidemiological Study to Inform Implementation Science in the Deep South

Article Commentary: Pharmacy: Addressing Substance use in the 21st Century

Mapping pharmacy deserts and determining accessibility to community pharmacy services for elderly enrolled in a State Pharmaceutical Assistance Program

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