Factors Associated with Raccoon Mortality in Iowa

Hasbrouck, James J.; Clark, William R.; Andrews, Ronald D.

doi:10.2307/3809462

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“… Causes of mortality in rural and urban populations of badgers M eles meles , red foxes V ulpes vulpes , coyotes C anis latrans , raccoons P rocyon lotor , bobcats L ynx rufus and skunks M ephitis mephitis . Data have been extracted from various sources and percentages have been calculated from the total absolute number of animal deaths across all studies inclusive: coyote (Andelt & Mahan, ; Atkinson & Shackleton, ; Holzman, Conroy & Davidson, ; Chamberlain & Leopold, ; Way et al ., ; Grinder & Krausman, ; Tigas, Vuren & Sauvajot, ; Riley et al ., ; Van Deelen & Gosselink, ; Berger & Gese, ; Gosselink et al ., ; Schrecengost et al ., ; Gehrt, ); red fox (Harris & Smith, ; Lewis et al ., ; Gosselink et al ., ; Soulsbury et al ., ); skunks (Gehrt, ); badgers (Cheeseman, Wilesmith & Stuart, ; Kowalczyk et al ., ); and raccoons (Mech, Barnes & Tester, ; Glueck, Clark & Andrews, ; Clark et al ., ; Hasbrouck, Clark & Andrews, ; Riley et al ., ; Chamberlain et al ., ; Gehrt & Fritzell, ; Prange et al ., ; Gehrt & Prange, ; Urbanek, Nielsen & Wilson, ). *Data for 1636 red foxes in Bristol, UK, were assumed to include data collected previously by the same researchers (1978–80, n = 87 Harris 1981a, 1977–86, n = 564, Harris & Trewhella 1988).…”

Section: How Is the Ecology Of Mammal Carnivores Influenced By Urban mentioning

confidence: 99%

Big city life: carnivores in urban environments

2012

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Cities may represent one of the most challenging environments for carnivorous mammals. For example, cities have a dearth of vegetation and other natural resources, coupled with increased habitat fragmentation and an abundance of roads as well as altered climate (e.g. temperature, light, rainfall and water runoff). It is therefore intriguing that several carnivore species have become established in cities across the globe. Medium-sized carnivores such as the red fox, coyote, Eurasian badger and raccoon not only survive in cities but also have managed to exploit anthropogenic food sources and shelter to their significant advantage, achieving higher population densities than are found under natural conditions. In addition, although they may not live permanently within cities, even large carnivores such as bears, wolves and hyaenas derive significant benefit from living adjacent to urbanized areas. In this review, we examine the history of urban adaptation by mammalian carnivores, explore where they are living, what they eat, what kills them and the behavioural consequences of living in urban areas. We review the biology of urban carnivores, exploring traits such as body size and dietary flexibility. Finally, we consider the consequences of having populations of carnivores in urbanized areas, both for humans and for these charismatic mammals. In conclusion, in a time of massive environmental change across the globe, the continuing encroachment of urbanization upon wilderness areas is substantially reducing the availability of natural habitats for many species; therefore, understanding the biology of any taxon that is able to adapt to and exploit anthropogenically disturbed systems must aid us in both controlling and developing suitable conservation measures for the future of such species.

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Section: How Is the Ecology Of Mammal Carnivores Influenced By Urban mentioning

confidence: 99%

Big city life: carnivores in urban environments

2012

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“…This prediction has already been supported: coyote and raccoon abundances are signi®cantly and inversely related in midwestern North America (Sargeant et al 1993). Coyotes are well-known to prey upon raccoons (Andrews and Boggess 1978;Bergeron and Demers 1981;Clark et al 1989;Hasbrouck et al 1992), and in at least one case raccoons were a major part of the diet of coyotes (O'Connell et al 1992). This suggests that direct predation (as opposed to avoidance of coyotes by raccoons) might be the mechanism by which coyotes depress raccoon abundance (Sargeant et al 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Song sparrows, top carnivores and nest predation: a test of the mesopredator release hypothesis

Rogers

Caro

1998

Oecologia

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Ground-nesting North American landbirds have declined in the longterm, including species with a variety of migratory strategies. The mesopredator release hypothesis explains declines by suggesting that the virtual elimination of top carnivores (large-bodied canids and felids) from much of North America has "released" populations of nest-destroying mesopredators (i.e., medium-sized terrestrial omnivores such as the raccoon Procyon lotor). The hypothesis predicts (1) higher nest success in the presence than in the absence of top carnivores, and (2) a positive relationship between mesopredator abundance and nest predation. Results from a 4-year "natural experiment" in the agricultural landscape of southern Michigan tended to support prediction 1. When coyotes (Canis latrans) were absent in 1993 and present in 1994, 1995 and 1996, Mayfield nest survival in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), a ground-nesting landbird, increased significantly during the same 4-year interval. Relative frequency of nest predation, the most common cause of nest failure, declined significantly over the four years. Coyotes may have decreased nest predation in 1994-1996 by reducing the abundance of raccoons, apparently the main nest predator in the study area. In an experiment testing prediction 2, mesopredator abundance and predation rate on artificial nests were positively related, as predicted by the hypothesis. Although the present study is not wholly conclusive by itself, we cautiously suggest it contributes to a growing body of evidence derived from a number of studies supporting the mesopredator release hypothesis.

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“…Raccoon hunting is an important recreational activity in the midwestern (Hasbrouck et al 1992) and southeastern (Chamberlain et al 1999) United States. Recently, interest has been expressed in opening a summer raccoon hunting (harvest) and-or chase-only (non-harvest) season on wildlife management areas in Mississippi and other southeastern states.…”

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confidence: 99%