Factors associated with secondhand tobacco smoke in the home: an exploratory cross-sectional study among women in Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia

Abstract

BackgroundIn Ethiopia, female smoking rates are currently low (1 %). However, because of male smoking rates (overall 7.7 % and up to 27 % depending on region), women and children’s risk of second hand smoke (SHS) exposure is a pressing concern. In order to develop effective public health interventions that prevent the uptake and exposure to smoking, thereby averting the projected increase in tobacco-induced disease, an understanding of Ethiopian women’s practices regarding tobacco is needed. The purpose of this study was to explore Ethiopian women’s tobacco use and prevalence of SHS exposure, and to identify covariates associated with SHS exposure.MethodsWe conducted an exploratory cross-sectional study in Southern Ethiopia between August and October 2014, and systematically sampled households in Aleta Wondo town and surrounding districts. Trained interviewers verbally administered surveys to women 18–55 years of age. Descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed.ResultsNone of the 353 participants reported current tobacco use and less than 1 % reported ever use, however, 11 % reported ever use of the stimulant leaf khat. Twenty-seven women (7.6 %) reported living with a tobacco user, however, twice that number (14.4 %) overall, and 22 % of urban participants reported that smoking occurred daily in their home. When controlling for other factors, living with a tobacco user (OR = 9.91, 95 % CI [3.32, 29.59]), allowing smoking in the home (OR = 5.67, 95 % CI [2.51, 12.79]), place of residence (OR = 2.74, 95 % CI [1.11, 6.74)]), and exposure to point-of-sale advertising within the last 30 days (OR = 2.87, 95 % CI [1.26, 6.54]) contributed significantly to a model predicting the likelihood of reporting daily occurrence of smoking/SHS in the home.ConclusionsWhile few women reported having ever used tobacco, one in seven women in this study reported that smoking/SHS occurred daily in their homes. Therefore SHS exposure is a potential health concern for women and children in this rural community. Findings from this study provide baseline data for monitoring tobacco control policies in Ethiopia, particularly in relation to the promotion of smoke-free homes, and could be used to inform prevention program development.

Influence of family resources on secondhand smoking in pregnant women: a cross-sectional study in the border and minority urban areas of Northwest China

“…First, the outcome variables relied on self-report, which can be susceptible to non-sampling errors. However, the self-report methodology has been widely used in tobacco prevalence research and has been proven to be a valid accurate estimate when compared with biomarker findings [ 37 , 46 , 47 ]. Second, as gestational age increases, pregnant women usually undergo a higher frequency of foetal examinations (e.g., pregnant women in late pregnancy are required to undergo foetal heart monitoring once or twice a week).…”

An exploratory study of knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs related to tobacco use and secondhand smoke among women in Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia

“…The recruitment procedures and sampling technique employed in this study have been extensively described elsewhere [ 28 ]. In brief, participants were recruited using a systematic household-level sampling technique [ 29 ].…”

“…Detailed descriptions of the measures, and translation and adaptation processes have been presented elsewhere [ 28 ]. We used World Health Organization guidelines for translation and adaptation of instruments and recommendations from the International Agency for Research on Cancer [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Second-hand smoke exposure prevalence among smokers versus non-smokers and relative change at sub-national level in India: a secondary analysis from Global Adult Tobacco Survey 1 and 2

“…16 The reason attributed to the upward trend of SHS exposure among non-smokers in urban areas could be urbanization and those having social interactions leading to job-related migration in such regions. 25 The significant decrease in prevalence among the best performing states could be attributed to NTCP (National Tobacco Control Program) under MoHFW, wherein a multitude of tobacco cessation efforts that have been carried out including toll-free number-"National Tobacco Quitline", "Tobacco Cessation Centre", and sensitization through short messages-"mCessation services". 26 Further, the significant relative reduction in prevalence of SHS exposure (>50%) in Maharashtra could be attributed to other sustained measures functioning within the state such as "TfV (Tobacco-free village)" program supporting financial rewards and non-monetary incentives directed to the trained stakeholders.…”