Factors Associated with the Four-Visit ANC in Indonesia: A population-based study

Abstract

Introduction: The number of maternal, neonatal and child mortality remains high in developing countries, including Indonesia. Antenatal care (ANC) coverage is an indicator of health-care use and access during pregnancy. Receiving at least four visits of ANC increases the chances of receiving appropriate maternal health interventions as one of the tracer indicators for universal health coverage in the Global Strategy for Women's, Children's, and Adolescents' Health Monitoring Framework (SDG indicator 3.8.1). The study aims to investigate the distribution and the factors associated with the four-visit ANC across urban and rural areas in Indonesia. Methods: We used data from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey, a large-scale nationally representative cross-sectional survey of women aged 15–49 years old (n=15,288). The use of ANC for the MNCH system is the dependent variable. The determinants are individual characteristics, family factors, and community factors. Results: Age, parity, household income, and distance from health facilities are significant factors associated with the four-visit ANC, as the first step in achieving continuum of care for MNCH. Urban women who had been pregnant 1–2 times or 3–4 times were 6.475 (95% Confidence Interval (95%CI) = 4.750–9.306) and 3.109 (95% CI = 2.268–4.262) times more likely to have at least four ANC visits than those who had been pregnant five times or more. Conclusion: Developing a health system, human resources, health facilities, and infrastructure are crucial for overcoming maternal and child health problems, especially in rural areas to make ANC universally affordable and accessible.

Optimal utilization of maternal health service in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study of Riskesdas 2018

“…Our results contrast the earlier study that found better conditions in the urban area 30–32. The improvement may be due to better economic development, namely better mothers’ education and working opportunities 33. It is worth mentioning that there has been an improvement in the utilization of maternal services though it is yet to be optimal.…”

“…[30][31][32] The improvement may be due to better economic development, namely better mothers' education and working opportunities. 33 It is worth mentioning that there has been an improvement in the utilization of maternal services though it is yet to be optimal. Owning health insurance, called Jampersal, is mandatory for everyone in Indonesia since 1 January 2014.…”

Determinants of Maternal Health Service Utilization and Continuum of Care in Nepal: An Analysis from Demographic and Health Survey 2022

“…This is in line with the further analysis of the recent National Family Health Survey, India [13,17]. The further analysis of 2016 DHS in Nepal and 2017 DHS, Indonesia also has similar findings [12,18]. The women using internet had higher odds of receiving four or more ANC visits in this study.…”

Factors influencing late antenatal care of Muslim pregnant women: A predictive correlational study in Aceh, Indonesia

“…A study reported that maternal near-miss rates were 59.6 per 1000 person-years for pregnant women with ANC contact, compared to 86.1 per 1000 person-years for those without ANC contact (Kebede et al, 2021 ). Similarly, previous studies have shown that pregnant women who did not receive ANC had 1.3-3.9 times higher odds of neonatal death compared to those who had at least four ANC contacts (Andriani et al, 2022 ; Arunda et al, 2017 ). Thus, adequate ANC contact is essential to reduce the risk of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality.…”