Factors determining the effects of pesticides upon butterflies inhabiting arable farmland

Longley, Martin; Sotherton, N. W.

doi:10.1016/s0167-8809(96)01094-8

Cited by 83 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This gains in importance because, after application and drift, adult mosquito insecticide exposures (quantity of chemical in contact with total body surface area) to butterflies are likely to be significantly higher than those to honeybees, because of their large surface areas. Longley and Sotherton [29] point out that ''a greater range of butterfly species need to be screened to provide a useful ranking of intrinsic susceptibilities of butterfly species against a range of pesticides. '' This study is organized into four themes: description of methodology used to evaluate the acute toxicity of naled, dichlorvos, and permethrin to larval (fifth-instar caterpillars) and adult native Florida butterflies; characterization of the acute toxicity (e.g., 24-h LD50s) of these three insecticides using survival of larvae and adult butterflies after topical exposures to the thorax and wings; characterization of the toxic effects data relative to species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) for each insecticide, and summary of the importance of using butterflies in addition to honeybees in toxicity testing of nontarget insects to pesticides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of butterflies as nontarget insect test species and the acute toxicity and hazard of mosquito control insecticides

Hoang

Pryor

Rand

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Honeybees are the standard insect test species used for toxicity testing of pesticides on nontarget insects for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) under the Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). Butterflies are another important insect order and a valued ecological resource in pollination. The current study conducted acute toxicity tests with naled, permethrin, and dichlorvos on fifth larval instar (caterpillars) and adults of different native Florida, USA, butterfly species to determine median lethal doses (24-h LD50), because limited acute toxicity data are available with this major insect group. Thorax- and wing-only applications of each insecticide were conducted. Based on LD50s, thorax and wing application exposures were acutely toxic to both caterpillars and adults. Permethrin was the most acutely toxic insecticide after thorax exposure to fifth instars and adult butterflies. However, no generalization on acute toxicity (sensitivity) of the insecticides could be concluded based on exposures to fifth instars versus adult butterflies or on thorax versus wing exposures of adult butterflies. A comparison of LD50s of the butterflies from this study (caterpillars and adults) with honeybee LD50s for the adult mosquito insecticides on a µg/organism or µg/g basis indicates that several butterfly species are more sensitive to these insecticides than are honeybees. A comparison of species sensitivity distributions for all three insecticides shows that permethrin had the lowest 10th percentile. Using a hazard quotient approach indicates that both permethrin and naled applications in the field may present potential acute hazards to butterflies, whereas no acute hazard of dichlorvos is apparent in butterflies. Butterflies should be considered as potential test organisms when nontarget insect testing of pesticides is suggested under FIFRA.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of butterflies as nontarget insect test species and the acute toxicity and hazard of mosquito control insecticides

Hoang

Pryor

Rand

et al. 2011

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…They can also have an indirect effect on insect population abundance by creating an unsuitable habitat, such as the loss or avoidance of nectar and food plants (Feber et al 1996;Pratt et al 1997). Because results from agricultural studies are not always applicable to nontarget butterflies and other insects in a conservation context (Longley and Sotherton 1997), further investigation of toxicological and ecological effects on nontarget species is warranted (Pratt et al 1997). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of the Herbicide Glufosinate-Ammonium to Predatory Insects and Mites of <I>Tetranychus urticae</I> (Acari: Tetranychidae) Under Laboratory Conditions

Ahn

Kim

Yoo

2001

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“…Brunzel and Plachter 1999, Virtanen and Neuvonen 1999, Nowicki et al 2008, Pascher et al 2009), most recently as one of the major indicators to monitor and assess biodiversity change in Europe (EEA 2007(EEA , 2010; but see Fleishman and Murphy 2009 for a critical evaluation). For example, the monitoring data of Lepidoptera have been successfully used to detect declines of species and species richness (Maes and Van Dyck 2001, Conrad et al 2004, Wenzel et al 2006, Nilsson et al 2008, to assess the effects of agri-environmental schemes (Aviron et al 2007b, Merckx et al 2009a, to monitor the impact of land use change (Ricketts et al 2001, Feber et al 2007, Merckx et al 2009b, Stefanescu et al 2009, van Dyck et al 2009), to record direct effects of management measurements in arable land (Field et al 2005, Dover et al 2010, to indicate adverse effects of pesticide use (Johnson et al 1995, Longley and Sotherton 1997, Severns 2002, Russell and Schultz 2010, or to assess the effects of climate change , VanSwaay et al 2008a, Pearman et al 2011.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardised methods for the GMO monitoring of butterflies and moths: the whys and hows

Lang¹,

Theißen²,

Dolek³

2013

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Citation: Lang A, Theißen B, Dolek M (2013) Standardised methods for the GMO monitoring of butterflies and moths: the whys and hows. BioRisk 8: 15-38. doi: 10.3897/biorisk.8.3244 Abstract Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are related to many biotic and abiotic characteristics of the environment, and are widely accepted as relevant protection goals. Adverse effects on butterflies and moths through genetically modified (GM) crops have been demonstrated, by both insect-resistant and herbicidetolerant events. Thus, Lepidoptera are considered suitable bio-indicators for monitoring the potential adverse effects due to the cultivation of GM crops, and guidelines were developed under the umbrella of the Association of German Engineers VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure), entitled "Monitoring the effects of genetically modified organisms (GMO) -Standardised monitoring of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera): transect method, light trap and larval survey". Here, the background and rationale of the VDI guidelines are presented, including a summary of the methods described in the guidelines. Special emphasis is given to the discussion of underlying reasons for the selection and adjustment of the applied methodology with respect to the GMO monitoring of day-active Lepidoptera, of night-active moths and of the recording of lepidopteran larvae, as well as to sample design and strategy. Further aspects possibly interfering with monitoring quality are treated such as landscape patterns, low species number and abundance in agro-ecosystems, or high year-to-year fluctuations of populations of Lepidoptera. Though specifically designed for GM crops, the VDI guidelines may also serve as a template to monitor the effects of a wider range of adverse factors on Lepidoptera in agriculture.

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Factors determining the effects of pesticides upon butterflies inhabiting arable farmland

Cited by 83 publications

References 35 publications

Use of butterflies as nontarget insect test species and the acute toxicity and hazard of mosquito control insecticides

Use of butterflies as nontarget insect test species and the acute toxicity and hazard of mosquito control insecticides

Toxicity of the Herbicide Glufosinate-Ammonium to Predatory Insects and Mites of <I>Tetranychus urticae</I> (Acari: Tetranychidae) Under Laboratory Conditions

Standardised methods for the GMO monitoring of butterflies and moths: the whys and hows

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