Factors determining the passage of drugs from blood into saliva.

Stephen, K.W.; McCrossan, J.; Mackenzie, D. D. S.; Macfarlane, Catharine; Speirs, C. F.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb04796.x

Cited by 35 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Kleinberg and Hall (1969) reported pH values from 7.78 to 8.73 in gingival crevices and correlated these values to the pH of supragingival plaque. Stephen et al (1980) found a pH ranging from 7.5 to 8.0 for gingival fluid. They estimated the pH with universal indicator paper in situ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The pH of human crevicular fluid measured by a new microanalytical technique

Bickel

Cimasoni

1985

J of Periodontal Research

104

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In physiological and pathological conditions, the pH of the crevicular fluid may play a significant role on the structure and function of the gingival crevice. In the present investigation the pH of human crevicular fluid was determined by a new microanalytical technique. The fluid was collected in 32 sites (19 patients) with capillary tubes. The tip of a double barreled, neutral carrier based microelectrode, highly selective for H+ ions was introduced directly into the capillary tubes containing either the samples or the reference solutions. In each sampling site, the GI and the crevicular fluid volume were recorded and correlated with the pH. As the inflammation increased, an elevation of pH from 6.90 to as much as 8.66 was observed. These values have been measured at 20°C in absence of CO2. Whether this increase is due to the bacterial flora or to any metabolic activity in the crevice area is not clear at the moment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The pH of human crevicular fluid measured by a new microanalytical technique

Bickel

Cimasoni

1985

J of Periodontal Research

104

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“…In another study 0.71 mg/L ER was measured in saliva 2 h after administration of 500 mg ER propionate [10]. In contrast Stephen et al could not detect ER in saliva after administration of 2×250 mg ER estolate [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antibiotics accumulated in salivary gland tissue are excreted in saliva, which is easily collected. The levels of these substances in saliva reflect concentrations in the gland tissue [10–12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative pharmacokinetics of macrolide antibiotics and concentrations achieved in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and saliva

Fassbender

Lode

Schiller

et al. 1996

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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OBJECTIVES: The pharmacokinetics of macrolide antibiotics --- erythromycin (ER), clarithromycin (CL), roxithromycin (RO), azithromycin (AZ), dirithromycin (DI) and the concentrations achieved in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and saliva were investigated. METHODS: In a four-way crossover trial, 10 healthy volunteers received 1000 mg ER twice a day, 500 mg CL twice a day, 150 mg RO twice a day and 500 mg AZ every day over a period of 3 days. In a second trial, 10 healthy volunteers received 500 mg DI every day over a period of 5 days. Concentrations of these antibiotics were measured in serum, urine, saliva and PMNs by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on days 1 and 3 in the first trial and on days 1 and 5 in the second trial. RESULTS: We found considerable differences in the pharmacokinetics, not only in serum, but also in PMNs and saliva. All substances except RO exhibited higher concentrations in PMNs than in serum, indicating excellent intraphagocytic distribution. In contrast, concentrations in saliva were lower than those measured in serum, with the exception of AZ. ER is characterized by low serum concentrations and moderate concentrations in saliva and PMNs. CL reached considerable concentrations in serum, saliva and PMNs. RO achieved the highest serum levels, but concentrations in saliva and in PMNs were below the detection limit. In contrast, AZ and DI yielded the lowest serum concentrations and the highest saliva and PMN concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Our data emphasize the importance of tissue distribution, in addition to serum kinetics, in evaluating the pharmacokinetic profiles of antibiotics.

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“…Typical is an intact border of enamel along the oral and facial gingival margin. The reason for the preserved enamel band could be due to some plaque remnants, which could act as a diffusion barrier for acids [Schweizer-Hirt et al, 1978], or due to an acid neutralizing effect of the sulcular fluid, which has a pH between 7.5 and 8.0 [Stephen et al, 1980]. Further acid attacks can lead to pseudo-chamfers at the margin of the eroded surface.…”

Section: Diagnosis and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Diet in the Aetiology of Dental Erosion

Lussi

Jaeggi²,

Zero³

2003

Caries Res

537

400

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Acids of intrinsic and extrinsic origin are thought to be the main etiologic factors for dental erosion. There is evidence that acidic foodstuffs and beverages play a role in the development of erosion. However, the pH of a dietary substance alone is not predictive of its potential to cause erosion as other factors modify the erosive process. These factors are chemical (pK_avalues, adhesion and chelating properties, calcium, phosphate and fluoride content), behavioural (eating and drinking habits, life style, excessive consumption of acids) and biological (flow rate, buffering capacity, composition of saliva, pellicle formation, tooth composition, dental and soft tissue anatomy). The interplay between erosion and abrasion (specially oral hygiene practices) may be the main driver leading to the clinical manifestation of this disorder. Recommendations for patients at risk for dental erosion such as reducing acid exposure by reducing the frequency and contact of acids will be discussed.

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Factors determining the passage of drugs from blood into saliva.

Cited by 35 publications

References 13 publications

The pH of human crevicular fluid measured by a new microanalytical technique

The pH of human crevicular fluid measured by a new microanalytical technique

Comparative pharmacokinetics of macrolide antibiotics and concentrations achieved in polymorphonuclear leukocytes and saliva

The Role of Diet in the Aetiology of Dental Erosion

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