“…A small (n = 161, 12% Indigenous) moderate quality single-hospital-based clinical audit reported that 40% of Indigenous women with breast cancer had chemotherapy and 73% underwent radiotherapy compared to 48% and 65% of non-Indigenous women respectively (Shaw & Elston, 2003 (Chong & Roder, 2010;Condon et al, 2014;Morrell et al, 2012;Roder et al, 2012;Supramaniam et al, 2014). Moreover, barriers such as a lack of awareness and knowledge of breast cancer symptoms, benefits of earlier detection and/or treatments and the limiting impact of chronic disease on treatment options, especially multimodal therapies for breast cancers, have all been identified as influencing the poorer prognostic outcomes for Indigenous cancer patients (Bernardes, Whop, Garvey, & Valery, 2012;Cunningham et al, 2008;Kolahdooz et al, 2014;Miller et al, 2010;Tranberg et al, 2015;Valery, Coory, Stirling, & Green, 2006). The social determinants of health including lower educational levels, poverty, cultural marginalisation, racism, poor housing and residing in more geographically remote areas are also likely contributors to the observed inequalities (AIHW, 2012a, b;Azzopardi, Walsh, Chong, & Taylor, 2014;Baade, Dasgupta, Youl, Pyke, & Aitken, 2016;Cramb, Mengersen, Turrell, & Baade, 2012;Dasgupta et al, 2012).…”