Factors influencing distribution of cerebral gas embolism

Kennedy, John H.; Hwang, Ned H. C.; Miller, Susan G.; A, Hartman

doi:10.1016/0011-2240(74)90117-5

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…2) promoted the variation of the sizes of liquid slugs and air bubbles. [44][45][46][47] Overall, based on the analysis of the impact of junction types, it appeared that channels with 20 µm widths had higher chances for gas embolism events due to a nonuniform alternating behavior, frequent halting of the air bubbles, and higher resistance to flow of air bubbles. In channels with Y-junctions, an inverse relationship between channel width and velocity was observed, i.e., wider channels presented a decrease in velocity (Fig.…”

Section: Velocity Variation Of the Air Bubbles And Liquid Slugs In T-...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar to the velocity fluctuations observed in the 20 µm channels with T -junctions, those with 40 µm width and Y-junctions also had fluctuating velocities for all equivalent hematocrit concentrations. [44][45][46][47]…”

Section: Velocity Variation Of the Air Bubbles And Liquid Slugs In T-...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fortunately, microfluidics technology offers a convenient and versatile tool to explore the relationships between liquid and air parameters related to gas embolism. [44][45][46][47] Recent works reported microfluidics for in vitro characterization of bubble dynamics which was further verified by in vivo investigations. 48 More generally, the capability of the ever-advancing microfluidic systems to study complex physiochemical and biological phenomena in live tissues was repeatedly and frequently demonstrated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Vitro Investigation of Gas Embolism in Microfluidic Networks Mimicking Microvasculature

Mardanpour¹,

Perumal²,

Mahmoodi³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Gas embolism is a medical condition leading to the blockage of blood flow in the microvasculature by gas bubbles. While reported as rare, gas embolism often has devastating, fatal physiological consequences. Despite this acute importance, the genesis and evolution of air bubbles in blood vessels under different physiological conditions, such as blood viscosity and blood flow rate, is still understudied, largely because of difficult experimentation and in situ visualization. The objective of this work was to study the gas embolism phenomenon in vitro, using a microfluidic system that mimicked the architecture of microvasculature. The microfluidic systems comprised linear channels with two different air inlet types, namely, T- and Y-junctions with three different widths (20 µm, 40 µm, and 60 µm), and a 30 µm width honeycombed network with three bifurcation angles (30°, 60°, and 90°). Three synthetic liquids equivalent to 0%, 20%, and 46% hematocrit that mimicked the physiological blood viscosity and hematocrit concentrations were used. Our results show that: (i) 20 µm and 40 µm width channels had an elevated risk of gas embolism due to wide fluctuations in the total slug sizes; (ii) the resistance to the flow of air bubbles increased with the increase in the equivalent concentration of hematocrit; (iii) gas bubbles causing blockages and dampening of the flow velocity were frequently observed in 20 µm channels, and lastly (iv) increased risk of gas embolism was observed in the honeycomb architecture with 60° and 30° bifurcations. This work suggests that in vitro experimentation using microfluidic devices with microvascular tissue-like structures opens the possibility of studying this medical condition with high reproducibility and impacts the fact-based medical guidelines for preventing or mitigating iatrogenic occurrences.

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Section: Velocity Variation Of the Air Bubbles And Liquid Slugs In T-...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Velocity Variation Of the Air Bubbles And Liquid Slugs In T-...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

In Vitro Investigation of Gas Embolism in Microfluidic Networks Mimicking Microvasculature

Mardanpour¹,

Perumal²,

Mahmoodi³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…A number of reports have reviewed the physiological and pathological consequences of arterial air embolism. 92,93,104,105,[226][227][228] Although the pathologies of gross air embolism include many complications previously described for GME, the bubbles are usually of a greater diameter, producing symptoms that are likely to be more pronounced since a greater percentage of blood flow is obstructed. In the brain, EEG changes may occur seconds after an embolism and persist for hours after recovery.…”

Section: Clinical Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review article : Gaseous microemboli: a review

Butler

Kurusz

1990

Perfusion

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“…1 In a separate study, the incidence of air embolism to the brain following open-heart surgery was estimated at 6 percent. 2 Recent, comprehensive reviews of the English medical literature report the rate of complications of percutaneous subclavian catheterization ranging from 0.4 to 9.9 percent. 8 Several reports of air embolism as an important complication of venous catheterizations have been published.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Arterial air embolism: structural effects on the gerbil brain.

García¹,

Klatzo²,

Archer³

et al. 1981

Stroke

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CEREBRAL AIR EMBOLISM, both arterial and venous, acquires considerable significance because of the increase in either diagnostic or reparative cardiovascular procedures that require atmospheric exposure of the intravascular surfaces. Forty of 340 patients after open-heart surgery had signs of arterial embolism, and 34 of these had either psychologic or neurologic deficits attributable to brain air embolism. 1 In a separate study, the incidence of air embolism to the brain following open-heart surgery was estimated at 6 percent.2 Recent, comprehensive reviews of the English medical literature report the rate of complications of percutaneous subclavian catheterization ranging from 0.4 to 9.9 percent. 8Several reports of air embolism as an important complication of venous catheterizations have been published. 4 Venous air embolism to the brain, during posterior fossa craniotomy, occurs at a rate that ranges from 2.6 to 40 percent. 8 Air embolism is also a significant contributor to the number of deaths or illnesses resulting from rapid decompression. Seizures, focal neurologic deficits, unconsciousness and other symptoms in healthy divers have been attributed to air embolism into either the carotid-vertebral or coronary arteries. 8 -7 These deaths and symptoms could be the consequence of either cardiac or cerebral ischemia which, presumably, is induced by the transient mechanical occlusion of blood vessels by the air bubbles. 7The present study was undertaken to a) define some of the ultrastructural brain changes induced by carotid air embolism, and b) compare in the same species, the changes secondary to air embolism with those resulting from ischemia induced by carotid-artery ligation.

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Factors influencing distribution of cerebral gas embolism

Cited by 9 publications

References 22 publications

<em></em> <i>In Vitro</i> Investigation of Gas Embolism in Microfluidic Networks Mimicking Microvasculature

<em></em> <i>In Vitro</i> Investigation of Gas Embolism in Microfluidic Networks Mimicking Microvasculature

Review article : Gaseous microemboli: a review

Arterial air embolism: structural effects on the gerbil brain.

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