Factors Influencing Immune Restoration in People Living with HIV/AIDS

Abstract

Introduction: Immune restoration is a key clinical aspect that is pursued in the care of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Despite effective antiretroviral treatment and undetectable viremia, immune recovery is often incomplete. Materials and methods: Data from 311 Caucasian patients were collected. SNP in CCR2(rs1799864), CX3CR1(rs3732378), HLAC-35(rs9264942), and CCR5(promoter, rs1799988); a 32bp deletion(Δ32) in CCR5; and HLA-B*5701 genotypes were correlated with clinical data and selected endpoints. Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the effects of genetic factors over time. Results: For HLA-B*5701, the effect on the CD4+/CD8+ >0.8 cell ratio was lost within 48 months (HR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.04–4.03), and the effect on the CD4+ cell count >500 cells/µL was lost within 12 months (HR = 2.12, CI: 1.11–4.04). The effect of CCR2 GG on the CD4+/CD8+ >0.8 cell ratio was lost within 36 months (HR = 1.7, CI: 1.05–2.75). For CCR5 wt/Δ32, the effect on the CD4+/CD8+ >1.0 cell ratio was lost within 24 months (HR = 2.0, CI: 1.08–3.69), and the effect on the CD4+ >800 cells/µL cell count was lost within 18 months (HR = 1.98, CI: 1.14–4.73). Conclusions: Selected genetic polymorphisms, namely CCR2 GG and CCR5 Δ32, and the presence of the HLA-B*5701 allele positively influenced immune restoration in cART-treated patients with HIV/AIDS.

Management of HIV in the older adults: Clinical and public health challenge

“…The age at which an individual is diagnosed with HIV may also play an important role in the development of co‐morbidities. Individuals who are diagnosed later in the course of HIV infection may have suffered a greater loss of overall immune function that may not be fully restored with ART therapy (Aksak‐Was et al., 2022). This finding is compounded by the fact that overall immune function normally decreases as individuals age.…”

Development and Evaluation of a Nomogram for Predicting the Outcome of Immune Reconstitution Among HIV/AIDS Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy in China

“…[ 25 ] In addition to clinical factors mentioned above, other predictors of immune reconstitution after ART have also been reported, such as virological factors (HIV subtype and viremia at diagnosis) and genetic factors (chemokine gene variants). [ 26 ] Despite numerous predictors have been found to be related to the immune reconstitution, it is imperative to identify novel sensitive markers of immune reconstitution.…”

Factors Influencing Survival Status of HIV/AIDS after HAART in Huzhou City, Eastern China

“…HAART can effectively reduce the mortality risk of HIV/AIDS, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of opportunistic infections [ 8 , 9 ]. The main purpose of HAART for patients is to inhibit the replication of HIV, reduce the viral load to the lower limit of detection, increase the CD4 + T lymphocyte count (CD4), rebuild or maintain immune function, prolong survival, and improve the quality of life [ 10 ]. The most important point of HAART is that its use among patients with HIV/AIDS greatly reduces the risk of HIV being transmitted to others.…”