Factors influencing nursing students' intention to accept COVID-19 vaccination: A pooled analysis of seven European countries

Patelarou, Evridiki; Galanis, Petros; Mechili, Enkeleint A.; Argyriadi, Agathi; Argyriadis, Alexandros; Asimakopoulou, Evanthia; Brokaj, Stiliana; Bucaj, Jorgjia; Carmona‐Torres, Juan Manuel; Cobo-Cuenca, Ana Isabel; Doležel, Jakub; Finotto, Stefano; Jarošová, Darja; Kalokairinou, Athina; Mecugni, Daniela; Pulomenaj, Velide; Saliaj, Aurela; Sopjani, Idriz; Zahaj, Majlinda; Patelarou, Athina

doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105010

Cited by 75 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Malik et al ( 2020 ) found that participants who had more trust in medicine got information from healthcare workers and health officials, whereas those who collected sources from social media had less trust in medical science. Similar results were found by Patelarou et al ( 2021 ), showing that those who got information from newspapers, television, radio, and government agencies had more trust in the COVID-19 vaccine than those who had self-perceived knowledge or collected information through social or online media. In fact, misinformation is more available on the internet where the information may be less accurate or verified (Liu and Yang, 2020 ; Obiała et al, 2020 ; Patelarou et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Similar results were found by Patelarou et al ( 2021 ), showing that those who got information from newspapers, television, radio, and government agencies had more trust in the COVID-19 vaccine than those who had self-perceived knowledge or collected information through social or online media. In fact, misinformation is more available on the internet where the information may be less accurate or verified (Liu and Yang, 2020 ; Obiała et al, 2020 ; Patelarou et al, 2021 ). Skeptics also use online platforms to advocate vaccine refusal.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Previous studies have shown that some sociodemographic factors are associated with vaccine hesitation or refusal. In particular, females tend to be hesitant and more skeptical of the COVID-19 vaccine (Lazarus et al, 2020 ; Mannan and Farhana, 2020 ; Lin et al, 2021 ; Murphy et al, 2021 ; Patelarou et al, 2021 ). Also, younger age, higher levels of education, and religious beliefs have been related to vaccine hesitancy and resistance (Malik et al, 2020 , Palamenghi et al, 2020 ; Lin et al, 2021 ; Murphy et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, hostility and anger increased as a response to quarantine and lockdown measures (Duan et al, 2020 ). In this weak psychological condition, the feelings of fear of dying, anguish, vulnerability, and insecurity that the person can experience could lead to higher levels of confidence in COVID-19 vaccination (Kang and Jung, 2020 ; Mannan and Farhana, 2020 ; Patelarou et al, 2021 ). However, anger and negative emotions were also related to lower levels of vaccine acceptance (Betsch and Böhm, 2016 ; Sun et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on trust in vaccination and medicine generally focused on a single element or phenomenon more than a generalized trust (Larson et al, 2018 ). Instead, trust is a multilayered concept (Chryssochoidis et al, 2009 ), which includes sociocultural and personality factors, but also the perceptions of institutions, the health system, the capacity of science and pharmaceutical companies, and the reliability of the health professionals involved (Liu and Yang, 2020 ; Patelarou et al, 2021 ). As highlighted by some authors (Larson et al, 2018 ; Liu and Yang, 2020 ), in the context of vaccination, trust may be considered on three levels: trust in the product (e.g., hepatitis B vaccine), trust in the vaccine provider (e.g., healthcare professionals), and trust in policymakers (e.g., the government and the healthcare system).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mistrust and Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories Differently Mediate the Effects of Psychological Factors on Propensity for COVID-19 Vaccine

et al. 2021

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Vaccination is considered a key factor in the sanitary resolution of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, vaccine hesitancy can undermine its diffusion with severe consequences on global health. While beliefs in conspiracy theories, mistrust in science and in policymakers, and mistrust in official information channels may also increment vaccine hesitancy, understanding their psychological causes could improve our capacity to respond to the pandemic. Thus, we designed a cross-sectional study with the aim of probing vaccine propensity in the Italian population and explored its relationship with sociodemographic and psychological variables, and with misbeliefs in COVID-19. A battery of questionnaires was administered to a sample of 374 Italian adults during the first national lockdown (April 2020). The materials included an original instrument—Beliefs in COVID-19 Inventory—and questionnaires measuring perceived stress, anxiety, death anxiety, psychological distress, psychoticism, paranoia, anger, and somatization. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on Beliefs in COVID-19 suggested the existence of three factors: belief in conspiracy theories, mistrust in medical information, and mistrust in medicine and science. These factors were positively correlated with female sex, age, religious beliefs, psychiatric conditions, and psychological variables, while negatively correlated with education levels. We conducted a mediation analysis by means of a structural equation model, including psychological factors as predictors, beliefs in COVID-19 scales as mediators, and vaccine propensity as an outcome. The model showed that death anxiety had a direct positive effect on the propensity to get vaccinated. It also showed that death anxiety reduced the propensity to get vaccinated through a mediated path in believing in conspiracy theories, whereas paranoia was linked to a reduction in vaccination adherence with the mediation effect of mistrust in medical science. Psychological distress reduced vaccination propensity by increasing both conspiracy beliefs and mistrust. On the other hand, anxiety increased the propensity to get vaccinated through a decrease in both belief in conspiracy theories and mistrust in science. Our results suggest that psychological dimensions are differentially related to belief in conspiracy theories, to mistrust in science, and to the propensity to get vaccinated. Based on this result, we propose an original interpretation of how conspiracy beliefs build on a paranoid and suspicious attitude. We also discuss the possible clinical implications of treatment for such pathological beliefs.

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