Factors influencing physicochemical characteristics of faecal sludge in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Chea, Eliyan; Vinnerås, Björn; Zurbrügg, Christian; Koottatep, Thammarat; Sothea, Kok; McConville, Jennifer

doi:10.2166/washdev.2021.193

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…An explanation for the difference is the dilution factor because usually, water is added to FS during mechanical emptying. Several studies pointed out the influence of the emptying modes as factors responsible for the quality of FS (Kengne et al 2008;Bassan et al 2013;Eliyan et al 2021). FS samples from traditional pit latrines showed higher concentrations when compared to samples originating from other on-site sanitation systems analyzed in this study.…”

Section: Quality Of the Raw Fs Applied On Bedsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Fecal sludge treatment in a pilot-scale vertical-flow constructed wetland for the removal of helminth eggs

Nzouebet

Kengne

Rechenburg³

et al. 2022

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Eliminating parasites in fecal sludge (FS) remains one of the major concerns in developing countries. To address this issue, experiments were conducted in triplicate vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) units corresponding to free flow, 7 days and 14 days of retention time (RT). The effect of plant density on the system's performance was monitored in each planted bed unit and compared to the non-planted unit (standard). Following a bi-monthly application rate of FS at a nominal load of 200 kg TS m−2 year−1, the performance of the system in terms of helminth egg removal was calculated for each hydraulic RT tested. Untreated FS applied on the bed units contained high parasitic egg loads with a median number of 62.51 helminth eggs/g. The removal efficiencies of helminth eggs ranged from 82 to 100% in the leachates and were affected by the hydraulic RTs and the presence of plants (p < 0.05). On the other hand, accumulated biosolids on the bed units still contained high concentrations of pathogens exceeding the WHO standards and should not be applied directly in agriculture.

show abstract

Section: Quality Of the Raw Fs Applied On Bedsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Fecal sludge treatment in a pilot-scale vertical-flow constructed wetland for the removal of helminth eggs

Nzouebet

Kengne

Rechenburg³

et al. 2022

Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The calculation was based on the total generation rate, which b The number of population used for this calculation was 306,238, represented the population used onsite sanitation with experiences of emptying their containments (Frenoux et al, 2011;Peal et al, 2015;NIS, 2020). c The concentration of total nitrogen and total phosphrus were 188 mg/L and 400 mg/L, respectively (Eliyan et al, 2022). Note that it is Q 4 x concentration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nutrient resource in faecal sludge was also calculated based on concentration of total nitrogen (N tot ) and total phosphorus (P tot ) in faecal sludge according to (Eliyan et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Estimation of excreta production (Q 1 ) and faecal sludge generation (Q 2 ) was based on secondary data taken from the literature, based on Strande et al (2014) as indicated in data analysis section. The production rate of excreta in Phnom Penh was taken to be 604 L/cap/year for all types of containment system, based on findings (Eliyan et al, 2022) that type of containment system does not influence the characteristics of faecal sludge. The faecal sludge generation rate (Q 2 ) was estimated to be 21,993 L/cap/year.…”

Section: Faecal Sludge Quantitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Generation and Management of Faecal Sludge Quantities and Potential for Resource Recovery in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Chea

McConville

Zurbrügg

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

At the current rate of progress, there will probably still be 2.8 billion people world-wide without safely managed sanitation by 2030. To incentivise and increase implementation of sustainable faecal sludge management (FSM), especially in low and middle-income countries like Cambodia, human waste must be regarded as a resource. However, planning data, e.g. on the quantities, composition and fate of faecal sludge after leaving households, are inadequate and lack accuracy. The aim of this study was to provide baseline data for effective FSM planning by sanitation stakeholders in Phnom Penh. This was done by quantifying sludge volumes generated, transport logistics and resource recovery potential to incentivise sustainable management. Interviews were conducted with users and emptying and transportation contractors, together with collection of technical data about on-site sanitation systems. Geographical coordinates of household sampling locations and disposal sites were also mapped. The results revealed that Cheung Ek and Kob Srov wetlands are the main recipients of faecal sludge collected in Phnom Penh with the amount of 18,800 m3 and 13,700 m3 annually, respectively. The analysis showed that faecal sludge in Phnom Penh contains valuable resources such as nitrogen (6 tons), phosphorus (13 tons) and energy (148-165 GWh) annually, but in-depth investigations of appropriate treatment options for resource recovery are required. Detailed documentation of the location of potential recoverable resources from faecal sludge would assist decision-makers in developing action plans for sustainable FSM in Phnom Penh and similar cities.

show abstract

“…In addition, fecal sludge is much more variable than municipal wastewater, with up to two orders of magnitude higher concentrations of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (Strande et al, 2021). Attempts at making city-wide projections are increasing, for example in Cambodia, Cameroon, Ghana, India, Uganda and Zambia (Fanyin-Martin et al, 2017;Strande et al, 2018;Tembo et al, 2019;Andriessen et al, 2020;Eliyan et al, 2021;Prasad et al, 2021;Wanda et al, 2021). However, approaches remain time and resource intensive, highlighting the need for more efficient approaches to data collection and analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantities and qualities of fecal sludge: Experiences from field implementation with a Volaser in 7 countries during a pandemic

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Reasonable estimates for quantities and qualities (Q&Q) of fecal sludge that accumulate in onsite sanitation containments are fundamental for the design of appropriate management and treatment solutions, from community to city-scale. There are increasing attempts to improve Q&Q estimates, but current approaches are still at a conceptual level, and are not yet standardized with confirmed statistical relationships. To reach this level, we will need consistent approaches for planning, measuring, and global collaborations. Hence, the objectives of this study were: (1) to assess and compare Q&Q of fecal sludge from seven cities and communities, and explore statistical relationships that could be used to increase accuracy of Q&Q estimations; (2) to test and launch the Volaser device for measuring in situ volumes of fecal sludge; and (3) to capture lessons learned from field implementation with collaborators in seven countries during a global pandemic when no international travel was possible. The study took place in Ghana, India, Lebanon, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zambia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Q&Qs were measured in 204 containments with a Volaser, laboratory analysis, and questionnaire. Results indicate that there are differences in Total Solids (TS) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in fecal sludge based on containment type, toilet type, source, and whether there is a water connection on the premises. Based on the results of this study, together with previously published open-source data, an empirical relationship for Volatile Solids (VS) and TS of 0.49 (R2 = 0.88) was established using 1,206 data points. For COD/TS, no significant relationship was observed. Developing such empirical relationships will be useful for planning and modeling approaches. An external evaluation was conducted to evaluate overall project management, Volaser technology transfer, and effects of collaborating during the COVID-19 pandemic. Success factors for collaborating with new and existing partners without face-to-face meetings included laboratory capacity and experience with analytical methods, study objectives that were relevant for the partner and locality, and a strong quality assurance plan to ensure comparability of results. The lessons learned can be taken forward as ways to reduce carbon footprint, and contribute to resilient, inclusive development research projects.

show abstract

Factors influencing physicochemical characteristics of faecal sludge in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Fecal sludge treatment in a pilot-scale vertical-flow constructed wetland for the removal of helminth eggs

Fecal sludge treatment in a pilot-scale vertical-flow constructed wetland for the removal of helminth eggs

Generation and Management of Faecal Sludge Quantities and Potential for Resource Recovery in Phnom Penh, Cambodia

Quantities and qualities of fecal sludge: Experiences from field implementation with a Volaser in 7 countries during a pandemic

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About