Factors Influencing the Intention of Doctors to Emigrate: A Cross-sectional Study of Ghanaian Doctors

Abstract

Background The migration of healthcare professionals from developing countries to more developed nations poses a significant challenge to healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries. This study aimed to determine the proportion of doctors in Ghana who intend to migrate abroad and to identify the sociodemographic and "pull and push" factors that influence their intention. Methodology A cross-sectional survey was conducted among doctors in Ghana between March 1, 2024, and March 15, 2024, via an online-based semi-structured questionnaire. Doctors working in Ghana, regardless of nationality, were included. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the intention to emigrate. Statistical significance was set at a p-value of < 0.05. Results Almost all the doctors who responded to the questionnaire consented to participate (99.4%, 641/645). More than half (53.8%, n=345) of the respondents were medical officers. Most respondents intended to migrate to practice abroad (71.8%, n=460). The United States (59.7%), the United Kingdom (39.1%), and Canada (34.8%) were the most preferred destinations. After adjusting for covariates, male doctors [(Adjusted Odd Ratios) AOR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.02-2.35], doctors who had been practising for 6-10 years (AOR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.02-5.19), and doctors in lower professional ranks (House officers AOR = 10.10, 95% CI = 1.89-54.01) had significantly higher odds of intending to migrate. In descending order of magnitude, the respondents strongly agreed that better remuneration (1.22 ± 0.63), better quality of life (1.22 ± 0.67), better working conditions (1.26 ± 0.69), and better postgraduate training (1.41 ± 0.80) were pull factors. The push factors were economic challenges (1.17 ± 0.49), a lack of a conducive working environment (1.56 ± 0.86), slow career progression (1.95 ± 1.07), excessive workload (2.07 ± 0.12), personal circumstances (2.26 ± 1.19), and poor postgraduate training (2.48 ± 1.22). Conclusion A substantial proportion of doctors in Ghana are considering emigration, driven by a combination of attractive opportunities abroad and challenging conditions in Ghana. Addressing these issues through improved remuneration, better working environments, and enhanced career development and training opportunities is crucial to retaining healthcare professionals.