Factors influencing the oxidation, reduction, methylation and demethylation of mercury species in coastal waters

Whalin, Lindsay; Kim, Eun‐Hee; Mason, Robert P.

doi:10.1016/j.marchem.2007.04.002

Cited by 203 publications

(215 citation statements)

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“…5 illustrates that there is no significantly (t-test, P > 0.05) diurnal variation of DGM in surface waters of the open ocean in the Yellow Sea during the three cruises periods. Many incubation studies have confirmed that photochemical reduction of Hg(II) is the primary pathway of Hg(0) formation in water column (Amyot et al, 1997;Whalin et al, 2007;Qureshi et al, 2010), meaning the enhanced DGM in surface waters in daytime should be expected. A number of field measurements in coastal regions have shown that the DGM commonly exhibits clear diurnal pattern with high concentrations in daytime and low concentrations in nighttime, especially in the day characterized by high solar radiation and low wind speed (e.g., Fantozzi et al, 2007;Ci et al, 2011a).…”

Section: Dgm In Surface Watersmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Various temporal variables, such as solar radiation, wind speed, water mixing and chemistry and so on, can alter the DGM levels of surface water in short time scales (e.g., several hours). Many field measurements also reported the large spatial and temporal variations of DGM in various marine environments (Andersson et al, 2007;Whalin et al, 2007;Fu et al, 2010;Ci et al, 2011d;Tseng et al, 2013;Fantozzi et al, 2013). More comprehensive data set should be collected to explore the spatial variation of DGM in the marginal marine system with complicated physical, chemical and biological properties.…”

Section: Dgm In Surface Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Globally, atmospheric deposition is the dominant Hg input to the ocean (Mason and Sheu, 2002;Selin, 2009). In seawater Hg can reduce to Hg(0) via photochemistry and microbial activities (Amyot et al, 1997;Rolfhus and Fitzgerald, 2004;Fantozzi et al, 2009;Qureshi et al, 2010;Whalin et al, 2007;Monperrus et al, 2007) from sea surface to atmosphere (Fitzgerald et al, 1984;Kuss and Schneider, 2007;Fu et al, 2010;Andersson et al, 2011;Ci et al, 2011a;Qureshi et al, 2012). Modeling studies showed that more than 80% of Hg deposited to oceans is reemitted to atmosphere as Hg(0) (e.g., Strode et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in air and surface waters of the Yellow Sea during late spring and late fall 2012: Concentration, spatial-temporal distribution and air/sea flux

Wang

et al. 2015

Chemosphere

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Section: Dgm In Surface Watersmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Dgm In Surface Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in air and surface waters of the Yellow Sea during late spring and late fall 2012: Concentration, spatial-temporal distribution and air/sea flux

Wang

et al. 2015

Chemosphere

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“…[30] Mercury photoreduction and evasion from terrestrial and marine aquatic systems also occurs at lower latitudes where the air-sea exchange of Hg in aquatic systems has been explored in detail. [3,31] The production of DGM in Arctic coastal streams and ponds, estuaries and marine waters is strongly affected by chloride, with lower DGM formation observed at higher salinities. [32] Halogens in general, and chloride ions in particular, have been shown to enhance Hg 0 photooxidation to Hg II and hence hamper evasion.…”

Section: Since 1993 Prof Henrik Skov Has Worked As Principal Scientimentioning

confidence: 99%

The fate of mercury in Arctic terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, a review

Douglas

Loseto²,

Macdonald³

et al. 2012

Environ. Chem.

124

147

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Environmental context. Mercury, in its methylated form, is a neurotoxin that biomagnifies in marine and terrestrial foodwebs leading to elevated levels in fish and fish-eating mammals worldwide, including at numerous Arctic locations. Elevated mercury concentrations in Arctic country foods present a significant exposure risk to Arctic people. We present a detailed review of the fate of mercury in Arctic terrestrial and marine ecosystems, taking into account the extreme seasonality of Arctic ecosystems and the unique processes associated with sea ice and Arctic hydrology.Abstract. This review is the result of a series of multidisciplinary meetings organised by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme as part of their 2011 Assessment 'Mercury in the Arctic'. This paper presents the state-of-the-art knowledge on the environmental fate of mercury following its entry into the Arctic by oceanic, atmospheric and terrestrial pathways. Our focus is on the movement, transformation and bioaccumulation of Hg in aquatic (marine and fresh water) and terrestrial ecosystems. The processes most relevant to biological Hg uptake and the potential risk associated with Hg exposure in wildlife are emphasised. We present discussions of the chemical transformations of newly deposited or transported Hg in marine, fresh water and terrestrial environments and of the movement of Hg from air, soil and water environmental compartments into food webs. Methylation, a key process controlling the fate of Hg in most ecosystems, and the role of trophic processes in controlling Hg in higher order animals are also included. Case studies on Eastern Beaufort Sea beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) and landlocked Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) are presented as examples of the relationship between ecosystem trophic processes and biologic Hg levels. We examine whether atmospheric mercury depletion events (AMDEs) contribute to increased Hg levels in Arctic biota and provide information on the links between organic carbon and Hg speciation, dynamics and bioavailability. Long-term sequestration of Hg into non-biological archives is also addressed. The review concludes by identifying major knowledge gaps in our understanding, including:(1) the rates of Hg entry into marine and terrestrial ecosystems and the rates of inorganic and MeHg uptake by Arctic microbial and algal communities; (2) the bioavailable fraction of AMDE-related Hg and its rate of accumulation by biota and (3) the fresh water and marine MeHg cycle in the Arctic, especially the marine MeHg cycle.

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“…Over the past three decades, many studies have been performed to investigate the oceanic Hg biogeochemistry (Fitzgerald et al 2007 and references therein). Studies suggest that the reduction of divalent Hg (Hg(II)) to elemental Hg (Hg(0)) and oxidation of Hg(0) to Hg(II) (i.e., Hg redox chemistry) in waters can occur simultaneously and is regulated by both photochemical process and microbial process and the photoreduction of Hg(II) is the primary pathway for the production of Hg(0) (Amyot et al 1997;Lanzillotta et al 2002;Rolfhus and Fitzgerald 2004;Whalin et al 2007;Qureshi et al 2010;Ci et al 2016). Factors influencing the Hg redox chemistry in the marine environment include the Hg concentration and speciation in water, the strength and spectrum of solar radiation, the concentration and structure of dissolved organic matter and suspended particulate matter, salinity, biological activity, and so on (Qureshi et al 2012;Ci et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air–sea exchange of gaseous mercury in the tropical coast (Luhuitou fringing reef) of the South China Sea, the Hainan Island, China

Zhang

Wang

2016

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The air-sea exchange of gaseous mercury (mainly Hg(0)) in the tropical ocean is an important part of the global Hg biogeochemical cycle, but the related investigations are limited. In this study, we simultaneously measured Hg(0) concentrations in surface waters and overlaying air in the tropical coast (Luhuitou fringing reef) of the South China Sea (SCS), Hainan Island, China, for 13 days on January-February 2015. The purpose of this study was to explore the temporal variation of Hg(0) concentrations in air and surface waters, estimate the air-sea Hg(0) flux, and reveal their influencing factors in the tropical coastal environment. The mean concentrations (±SD) of Hg(0) in air and total Hg (THg) in waters were 2.34 ± 0.26 ng m −3 and 1.40 ± 0.48 ng L −1 , respectively. Both Hg(0) concentrations in waters (53.7 ± 18.8 pg L −1 ) and Hg(0)/THg ratios (3.8 %) in this study were significantly higher than those of the open water of the SCS in winter. Hg(0) in waters usually exhibited a clear diurnal variation with increased concentrations in daytime and decreased concentrations in nighttime, especially in cloudless days with low wind speed. Linear regression analysis suggested that Hg(0) concentrations in waters were positively and significantly correlated to the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (R 2 = 0.42, p < 0.001). Surface waters were always supersaturated with Hg(0) compared to air (the degree of saturation, 2.46 to 13.87), indicating that the surface water was one of the atmospheric Hg(0) sources. The air-sea Hg(0) fluxes were estimated to be 1.73 ± 1.25 ng m −2 h −1 with a large range between 0.01 and 6.06 ng m −2 h −1 . The high variation of Hg(0) fluxes was mainly attributed to the greatly temporal variation of wind speed.

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Factors influencing the oxidation, reduction, methylation and demethylation of mercury species in coastal waters

Cited by 203 publications

References 68 publications

Elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in air and surface waters of the Yellow Sea during late spring and late fall 2012: Concentration, spatial-temporal distribution and air/sea flux

Elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in air and surface waters of the Yellow Sea during late spring and late fall 2012: Concentration, spatial-temporal distribution and air/sea flux

The fate of mercury in Arctic terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, a review

Air–sea exchange of gaseous mercury in the tropical coast (Luhuitou fringing reef) of the South China Sea, the Hainan Island, China

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