Factors of bacteria and virus transport in groundwater

Pekdeger, A.; Mattheß, Georg

doi:10.1007/bf02381095

Cited by 37 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…It can remain viable in soil for longer than four months (Jones, 1999). Bacteria ranged in size from 0.2-5 mm (Pekdeger and Matthess, 1983). A ban on the disposal of untreated abattoir waste to land will solve these problems.…”

Section: Microbial Transport In Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Effluent Wastewater from Abattoirs for Land Application

Mittal

2004

Food Reviews International

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Meat plant wastewater quality depends on water usage, the type of animal slaughtered, and the amount of rendering or processing that is done on site. In Ontario and Quebec, abattoir wastewater total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) ranged from 2333 to 8627 mg/L, and suspended solids (SS) from 736 to 2099 mg/L, volatile suspended solids (VSS) represented 80% of SS, and protein content varied from 444 to 2775 mg/L. Nitrogen (N) and potassium (P) averaged 6.0 and 2.3 g/100 g of TCOD, respectively. Ammonia and sulfide levels were well below the 3000 and 100 mg/L toxicity level, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) of fresh blood is high at 375,000 mg/L compared to the COD of liquid manure at 15,000-30,000 mg/L. The concentration of the wastewater can be greatly affected by the efficiency of blood recovery in the blood pit. Abattoir wastewater contains several million colony forming units (cfu) /100 mL of total coliform, fecal coliform, and Streptococcus groups of bacteria. The presence of these nonpathogenic microbes indicates the possible presence of pathogens of enteric origin such as Salmonella ssp. and Campylobacter jejuni and of gastrointestinal parasites such as Ascaris sp., Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and enteric viruses. Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum are not a concern in poultry wastewater. Pathogens might threaten public health by migrating into groundwater or through traveling off-site by surface water, ORDER REPRINTS wind, or vectors (i.e., animals, birds) etc. Once the treated abattoir wastewater is applied to land, the potential for spread of any pathogens that might remain in the water or sludge varies with the type of crop and soil to which it is applied.

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Section: Microbial Transport In Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the Effluent Wastewater from Abattoirs for Land Application

Mittal

2004

Food Reviews International

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“…Pekdeger and Matthess (1983) [2] for u = 0, y = 0, C (z,0) = 0, C (0,t) = Co, and äC/äz (oe,t) = 0, giving:…”

Section: Mathematical Fittingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus Transport and Survival in Saturated and Unsaturated Flow through Soil Columns

1990

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Water with entrained disease‐causing virus entering soil normally passes through water‐saturated and unsaturated regions before reaching the groundwater. The effects of saturated and unsaturated flow on the survival and transport of a virus, MS‐2 bacteriophage, were compared. The viruses were added to well water and applied to soil columns 0.052 m in diameter and 1.05 m long. The soil material was Vint loamy fine sand (a sandy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvent) mixed with recent alluvium. Samples of the soil water were taken daily at 0.20, 0.40, and 0.80 m depths through porous stainless steel samplers and at 1.05 m from the percolate leaving the column. For saturated flow the virus concentrations reached the influent concentration in less than two pore volumes (PV). For unsaturated flow the concentrations remained at levels much lower than the influent, ranging from 27% of inflow at 0.20 m (18 PV) to 5% at 1.05 m (3.3 PV). At the end of the experiments soil samples from each depth were assayed to determine virus adsorption to the soil. The average distribution coefficient of the unsaturated columns, 0.27, indicates very little adsorption. The number balance showed that only 39% of the unsaturated flow virus were accounted for. It appears that under unsaturated flow conditions enhanced inactivation of this virus occurs.

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“…The cells are transported with the flowing groundwater and disperse, i.e., some appear to travel faster and some slower than the average interstitial water velocity, due to mechanical dispersion and diffusion. The mass flux of bacteria may also be affected by the pore size distribution and through physical straining [24], pore size exclusion [ 10], and preferential flow through macropores and channels [28]. Sorption to the soil matrix will retard the movement of bacteria in relation to the water velocity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell density and non-equilibrium sorption effects on bacterial dispersal in groundwater microcosms

Lindqvist

Enfield

1992

Microb Ecol

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The relative importance of dispersion, physical straining, non-equilibrium sorption, and cell density on the dispersal of bacteria was examined in saturated, flow-dynamic sand columns. The bacterial breakthrough as a result of different size distributions of sand particles was followed by measuring the effluent concentration of 3H-adenosine-labelled cells of a Bacillus sp. and an Enterobacter sp. strain suspended in groundwater. The breakthrough curves were compared with theoretical curves predicted from an advective-dispersioe equilibrium sorption model (ADS), an ADS model with a first order sink term for irreversible cell reactions, a two-site model (equilibrium and nonequilibrium sorption sites), and a filtration model. Bacterial sand: water isotherms were linear in the experimental concentration range but had positive intercepts. The partition coefficients ranged from 15 to 0.4 for the Bacillus sp., and 120 to 0.4 for a Pseudomonas sp., and decreased with increasing particle size of the dominant fraction. In a kinetic study, the partition coefficient for the Enterobacter sp. in the smaller particle sand was 63 after one hour, but had decreased to 9 after 19 hours. Bacteria were detected in the effluent after one pore volume, which was earlier than predicted by the sand : water partition coefficients, and displayed an apparent nonequilibrium breakthrough. Dispersion effects and physical straining appeared to be insignificant in the experiments, but tailing of the elution part of the curves indicated slow reversible sorption, and nonequilibrium sorption may have been the main determinant of dispersal retardation. The reversible non-equilibrium sorption invalidated some of the assumptions behind all models except, possibly, the two-site model. Consequently, the models described the large particle sand data better where sorption was of less importance for the dispersal. The dispersal retardation was also affected by the bacterial cell density, both in the pore water and on the sand, suggesting that population characteristics may be an important factor for the bacterial distribution between the water and sand habitats. The retardation factor decreased from 13.7 to 7.8 when the cell density in the loading solution was increased from 3× 10(8) to 1.2 × 10(9) cells ml(-1). Presaturation of the sand with bacteria had a similar effect.

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Factors of bacteria and virus transport in groundwater

Cited by 37 publications

References 7 publications

Characterization of the Effluent Wastewater from Abattoirs for Land Application

Characterization of the Effluent Wastewater from Abattoirs for Land Application

Virus Transport and Survival in Saturated and Unsaturated Flow through Soil Columns

Cell density and non-equilibrium sorption effects on bacterial dispersal in groundwater microcosms

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