Factors promoting and limiting antimicrobial resistance in the environment – Existing knowledge gaps

Abstract

The dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria strains and genes carrying antibiotic resistance is currently considered to be one of the most important global problem. The WHO calls for the need to contain the spread of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) from all possible sources. There have been many international actions grouping scientists studying this phenomenon, and quite a lot of scientific projects devoted to this problem have already been carried out. As well, so far several strategies have been developed that can inhibit the AMR spread. In this mini-review, we highlight overlooked aspects that seem to be crucial for creating a comprehensive picture of AMR, especially in the context of One Health approach.

Evolving Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance in Enteric Fever: A Comprehensive Review

“…Genetic factors also significantly influence antibiotic resistance, with intrinsic and acquired bacterial genes playing pivotal roles. Mechanisms such as β-lactamases, carbapenemases, and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), as well as resistance genes targeting diverse antibiotic classes like glycopeptides, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones, are significant contributors [ 33 , 34 ]. Furthermore, the extensive use of antibiotics in human and animal health, including their utilization for animal growth promotion, has been a primary driver of antimicrobial resistance.…”

“…Furthermore, the extensive use of antibiotics in human and animal health, including their utilization for animal growth promotion, has been a primary driver of antimicrobial resistance. This practice has facilitated the acquisition of resistance determinants by bacteria across various environments and has fostered the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes [ 34 , 35 ]. The misuse of antibiotics, both in human and animal contexts, emerges as a significant determinant of antimicrobial resistance, with factors such as suboptimal dosing, limited access to diagnostics, and environmental contamination further exacerbating resistance development [ 32 ].…”

A Systematic Quantitative Determination of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Grape Seed Extract against Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens

“…Consumers are now demanding products that are minimally processed and as free as possible from chemical preservatives and antibiotics [1][2][3]. Additionally, concerns regarding the role of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in disease outbreaks are growing [4]. Pathogenic bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials can infect people via multiple routes due to their resistance and higher survival likelihood in multiple environments.…”

The Public health problem and resistant bacteria in lowand middle-income countries

“…Moreover, it is necessary to realize that humans are part of the ecosystem and are constantly in fluenced by other components of the ecosystem, especially as anthropogenic influence on the environment is unquestionable. It cannot be denied that people use chemicals, including antibiotics, in agriculture, fish farming, and animal husbandry to obtain richer harvests or better foodproducing animals to compete on the market (12,13,14). Farms and animal husbandry are important sources of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and an important component that ensures the continuous AMR cycle in the environment, due to animal care and handling processes including treatment, hygiene, and slaughter (14 -17).…”