Factors related to degradation of articular cartilagein osteoarthritis: a review

Tanaka, Seisuke; Hamanishi, Chiaki; Kikuchi, Hiraku; Fukuda, Kanji

doi:10.1016/s0049-0172(98)80019-x

Cited by 86 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Varedi et al (37) reported that reorganization of the cytoskeleton induced expression of mRNA for collagenases in dermal fibroblasts. It has also been reported that gene expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 is regulated by the activation of protein kinase C in chondrocytes (38,39). Protein kinase C was shown to be a downstream effector of CD44 during the activation of NF-B by HA fragments in T-24 carcinoma cells (40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Hyaluronan oligosaccharide–induced activation of transcription factors in bovine articular chondrocytes

Ohno¹,

Im²,

Knudson³

et al. 2005

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. To document the activity profile of transcription factors following chondrocyte stimulation with hyaluronan (HA) hexasaccharides (HA 6 ) and to determine the expression of genes whose transcriptional activation is tightly associated with the transcription factors.Methods. Nuclear extracts from bovine articular chondrocytes treated with HA 6 were subjected to transcription factor protein-DNA array analysis. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) analyses were performed to confirm the results of protein-DNA array. The gene expressions of matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP-3), type II collagen, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) were examined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and protease activity was assessed by casein zymography.Results. In the protein-DNA array analysis, 12 transcription factors were up-regulated and 2 transcription factors were down-regulated in the chondrocytes treated with HA 6 . The transcription factors retinoic acid receptor (RAR), retinoid X receptor (RXR), and Sp-1 exhibited >2-fold increased activity by HA 6 treatment, as confirmed by EMSA. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of MMP-3, type II collagen, and COMP messenger RNA, which are tightly associated with the activation of RAR, RXR, or Sp-1, were upregulated by treatment with HA 6 . Addition of high molecular mass HA after HA 6 treatment resulted in abrogation of the MMP-3 induction. Conclusion.These results suggest that HA 6 increase the activity of multiple transcription factors in chondrocytes and signal the enhanced expression of key genes involved in cartilage-matrix remodeling and turnover. The data also demonstrate that high molecular mass HA has a potential to suppress the signaling activated by HA 6 .The glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA) is a critical component of the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage. HA serves as a scaffold for the aggregation of cartilage proteoglycan (1) and, in this manner, forms a continuum of structure throughout the extracellular matrix. In addition, we have shown that HA facilitates the anchorage of these proteoglycan aggregates to the chondrocyte cell surface via its interaction with the membrane HA receptor CD44 (2-4). Thus, it is, in part, the interaction of chondrocytes directly with HA that constitutes the cell-matrix interaction that serves to regulate many aspects of chondrocyte metabolism (5). We have shown previously that one method of interference with the cell-matrix interactions of chondrocytes is through the use of excess small HA oligosaccharides, such as HA hexasaccharides (HA 6 ) (2,4,6). HA 6 compete with high molecular mass HA for CD44 binding; yet, they are too small in size to interfere with HA aggrecan or HA-link protein interactions (1,7,8).The consequences of this loss of cell-matrix interactions can be dramatic. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the addition of small HA oligosaccharides to human or bovine articular cartilage slices resulted in the apparent activation o...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Hyaluronan oligosaccharide–induced activation of transcription factors in bovine articular chondrocytes

Ohno¹,

Im²,

Knudson³

et al. 2005

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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“…Thus, the observation that HA 6 and not HA 4 have the potential to activate MMP-13 transcription is consistent with our hypothesis that the cell signaling in chondrocytes is initiated by the displacement of HMW-HA, resulting in the declustering of CD44 in the cell membrane and destabilization of the cortical cytoskeletal conformation. Cytoskeletal rearrangements are known to be involved in the induction of MMPs (65,66) and include activation of protein kinase C and NFB (67).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides Induce Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 via Transcriptional Activation of NFκB and p38 MAP Kinase in Articular Chondrocytes

Ohno

Knudson

et al. 2006

Journal of Biological Chemistry

114

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Hyaluronan exerts a variety of biological effects on cells including changes in cell migration, proliferation, and matrix metabolism. However, the signaling pathways associated with the action of hyaluronan on cells have not been clearly defined. In some cells, signaling is induced by the loss of cell-hyaluronan interactions. The goal of this study was to use hyaluronan oligosaccharides as a molecular tool to explore the effects of changes in cell-hyaluronan interactions and determine the underlying molecular events that become activated. In this study, hyaluronan oligosaccharides induced the loss of extracellular matrix proteoglycan and collagen from cultured slices of normal adult human articular cartilage. This loss was coincident with an increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13. MMP-13 expression was also induced in articular chondrocytes by hyaluronan (HA) hexasaccharides but not by HA tetrasaccharides nor high molecular weight hyaluronan. MMP-13 promoterreporter constructs in CD44-null COS-7 cells revealed that both CD44-dependent and CD44-independent events mediate the induction of MMP-13 by hyaluronan oligosaccharides. Electromobility gel shift assays demonstrated the activation of chondrocyte NFB by hyaluronan oligosaccharides. NFB activation was also documented in C-28/I2 immortalized human chondrocytes by luciferase promoter assays and phosphorylation of IKK-␣/␤. The link between activation of NFB and MMP-13 induction by HA oligosaccharides was further confirmed through the use of the NFB inhibitor helenalin. Inhibition of MAP kinases also demonstrated the involvement of p38 MAP kinase in the hyaluronan oligosaccharide induction of MMP-13. Our findings suggest that hyaluronan-CD44 interactions affect matrix metabolism via activation of NFB and p38 MAP kinase.In many tissues cell-matrix interactions serve to regulate cellular homeostasis (1, 2). Interference with these associations typically signal cells to initiate matrix repair, cell proliferation, or even cell migration. Such interactions are especially important in tissues such as articular cartilage, a tissue rich in extracellular matrix but with limited vascular access for systemic control of homeostasis. Chondrocytes are thus highly dependent on cell-matrix interactions as a primary means to "sense" changes in the extracellular environment (3). Most investigations in this area focus on cell signaling induced through the interaction of integrin receptors with collagens, fibronectin, laminin, matrilins, etc.(3-7). However, cell-matrix interactions involving hyaluronan (HA), 2 once thought to be predominately structural in nature, are now beginning to receive increasing attention as initiators of cell signaling.HA is a high molecular weight polysaccharide consisting of repeating disaccharide units glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine (8). In cartilage and many other connective tissues, HA serves as a central filamentous scaffold to which proteoglycans such as aggrecan and link protein become bound (9). This complex matrix networ...

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“…Although mechanical stimuli are known to be an essential factor in the regulation of cartilage metabolism, the precise mechanisms involved have not yet been determined (7). To examine, at the cellular level, the underlying mechanisms that lead to cartilage degradation, investigators in our group introduced a computerized, pressureoperated device (Flexercell Strain Unit FX-3000; Flexcell International, McKeesport, PA) to induce cyclic tensile stretch of chondrocytes (8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic tensile stretch loaded on bovine chondrocytes causes depolymerization of hyaluronan: Involvement of reactive oxygen species

Yamazaki¹,

Fukuda²,

Matsukawa³

et al. 2003

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. We have previously demonstrated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in cartilage degradation. Decreased size of hyaluronan (HA), the major macromolecule in synovial fluid, to which it imparts viscosity, is reported in patients with arthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the alteration in the molecular weight range of HA as a result of mechanical deformation loaded on the chondrocytes, as well as the involvement of ROS in this action.Methods. ROS were generated via the oxidation of hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidase. Cyclic tensile stretch was loaded using a vacuum-operated instrument. Levels of HA were measured using a sandwich enzyme-binding assay. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and ROS were measured using water-soluble tetrazolium and a chemiluminescent probe, respectively.Results. ROS depolymerized HA molecules. Cyclic tensile stretch depolymerized HA and induced ROS. SOD inhibited not only ROS induction but also HA depolymerization caused by the mechanical stress.Conclusion. ROS play an important role in mechanical stress-induced HA depolymerization.

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Factors related to degradation of articular cartilagein osteoarthritis: a review

Cited by 86 publications

References 23 publications

Hyaluronan oligosaccharide–induced activation of transcription factors in bovine articular chondrocytes

Hyaluronan oligosaccharide–induced activation of transcription factors in bovine articular chondrocytes

Hyaluronan Oligosaccharides Induce Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 via Transcriptional Activation of NFκB and p38 MAP Kinase in Articular Chondrocytes

Cyclic tensile stretch loaded on bovine chondrocytes causes depolymerization of hyaluronan: Involvement of reactive oxygen species

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