Factors Related to Primary Dysmenorrhea in Turkish Women: a Multiple Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis

Çinar, Gamze Nalan; Akbayrak, Türkan; Gürşen, Ceren; Baran, Eugeniusz; Üzelpasaci, Esra; Nakip, Gülbala; Bozdağ, Gürkan; Beksaç, Mehmet Sinan; Özgül, Serap

doi:10.1007/s43032-020-00289-1

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Although Khalid et al 23 found that dysmenorrhea was significantly associated with body mass index and age, those two factors were not found to affect the severity of dysmenorrhea in our study. However, Çinar et al 24 found that increased BMI increased the tendency to have less severe pain.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Influence of Lifestyle Variables on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Cross-Sectional Study

Al-Husban¹,

Odeh²,

Dabit³

et al. 2022

IJWH

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Background Primary dysmenorrhea is a common and often debilitating, gynaecological condition. Objective To investigate the effects of specific lifestyle variables on the prevalence and severity of primary dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study of Jordanian women aged between 18–25 years old utilized a questionnaire as the main instrument of the study. Results Primary dysmenorrhea was reported by 660 women out of 1988. It was found that approximately two thirds of them were students. Overall, 54.5% of the participants reported severe dysmenorrhea. A statistically significant correlation was found between severe dysmenorrhea and smoking at p value ˂0.001, sleeping less than 7 hours per 24 hours at p = 0.005, holding a university degree at p = 0.032, non-alcohol consumption at p = 0.044, frequent energy, fizzy, tea, coffee drinks and sugar intake. Interestingly, we found that severe dysmenorrhea was statistically significantly associated with women who never eat meat at p ˂0.001, cereals and fish consumers and with those who take less than 3 servings of fruit or none at all per week at p = 0.006. In addition to the previous variables, water intake of less than 1.0 litre a day, irregular cycles, non-OCP use and positive family history were found significantly associated with severe dysmenorrhea. Severe dysmenorrhea was significantly related to working less hours per week, higher stress level and longer bleeding duration at p = 0.021, 0.017 and 0.008, respectively. On the other hand, there was no statistically significant difference found between severe dysmenorrhea and the following variables: age, body mass index (BMI), weekly studying hours and age of menarche. Conclusion Primary dysmenorrhea is prevalent in the Jordanian population. To overcome severe dysmenorrhea, women should increase their intake of fish and fresh fruits, drinking water and use of oral contraceptive pills. The study concluded that smoking, frequent sugar intake, fizzy drinks, coffee, tea and energy drinks were associated with severe dysmenorrhea. It is also worth mentioning that alcohol consumption had a positive impact on dysmenorrhea. Trial Registration Registered in Clinicaltrial.gov (ID: NCT04583943).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The Influence of Lifestyle Variables on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Cross-Sectional Study

Al-Husban¹,

Odeh²,

Dabit³

et al. 2022

IJWH

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“…Being underweight means that women may have low body fat and suffer from malnutrition. A certain amount of body fat is important for the maintenance of a normal ovulation cycle, 35 but low body fat may interfere with normal ovulation and menstrual cycles, which might lead to excessive prostaglandin release, 11 and so cause excessive uterine contractions, leading to the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea. In addition, underweight women produced less estrogen and this may also lead to irregularity in their ovulatory cycles and increase the risk of the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea 9,36 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Being underweight means that women may have low body fat and suffer from malnutrition. A certain amount of body fat is important for the maintenance of a normal ovulation cycle, 35 but low body fat may interfere with normal ovulation and menstrual cycles, which might lead to excessive prostaglandin release, 11 and so cause…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the cut‐off values of BMI are different in various parts of the world, they are all grouped into the four categories mentioned above. Some studies have revealed that BMI was associated with the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea 11–13 . Some researchers further pointed out that a lower or higher BMI increases the risk of the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea, 14 whereas other researchers believe that there was no significant connection between them 15,16 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relation between body mass index and primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Zhang

Tang

et al. 2022

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand

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Introduction The relation between body mass index (BMI) categories and the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea has been investigated, but the results of these studies are inconsistent and controversial. The aim of our study was to systematically review the literature and investigate the association between each category of BMI and the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea. Material and methods We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies related to BMI and primary dysmenorrhea. Eleven databases—PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), and Wanfang database—were systematically searched from inception to March 2022. We used the 11 items recommended by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to assess the quality of included studies. The Q test and the I2 test were used to evaluate the heterogeneity among studies. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled by fixed‐effects models or random‐effects models. Stata software version 16.0 was used to complete the statistical analyses. Results A total of 4181 articles were collected from the database, and 12 studies were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 29 647 participants were included in the study, with a mean baseline age of 17–45 years. All included literature was published between 2017 and 2021 and was conducted in six countries. Eleven included studies were of medium quality and one included study was of high quality. Being underweight may be related to the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea (12 studies, n = 6545, OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.18–1.73). Being overweight (12 studies, n = 3098) and obesity (four studies, n = 94) may not be associated with the development of primary dysmenorrhea. Conclusions Being underweight may increase the risk of the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea, whereas overweight and obesity might not be associated with primary dysmenorrhea. Due to the limitations of the meta‐analysis, more studies are needed to investigate the relation between each category of BMI and the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea. To maintain a balanced diet and an appropriate lifestyle is beneficial for people to have the normal category of BMI and live a healthy life, which may play a role in preventing the occurrence of primary dysmenorrhea.

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“…Although no differences in age groups were observed in our study, the vast majority of extant studies focused on young populations—overwhelmingly university students or those under 25 years of age—with very limited information on older women [ 19 , 79 ]. Data about weight and BMI are also mixed, although several studies focused on the greater predisposition in women with low weight or who have lost or attempted weight loss [ 19 , 80 ]. Latthe et al, found that women with a BMI < 20 kg/m 2 report greater pain intensity [ 81 ], which, according to Nalan et al, who obtained similar results, could be due to the fact that low body fat would affect the normal ovulation and the menstrual cycle, causing an excessive release of PGs, which are considered the source of menstrual pain [ 80 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myofascial Pain Syndrome in Women with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Case-Control Study

et al. 2022

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There is limited information on myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) and specific symptoms of chronic pelvic pain and, more specifically, dysmenorrhea. The objective of this study was to determine whether patients suffering from primary dysmenorrhea present alterations in mechanosensitivity and pain patterns, and greater presence of MTrPs in the abdominal and pelvic floor muscles. A case-control study was carried out with a total sample of 84 participants distributed based on primary dysmenorrhea and contraceptive treatment. The sample was divided into four groups each comprising 21 women. Data on pain, quality of life, and productivity and work absenteeism were collected; three assessments were made in different phases of the menstrual cycle, to report data on pressure pain threshold, MTrP presence, and referred pain areas. One-way ANOVA tests showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) between the groups, for the Physical Health domain and the total score of the SF-12 questionnaire, and for all the domains of the McGill questionnaire; but no significant differences were found in the data from the WPAI-GH questionnaire. Statistically significant data (p < 0.01) were found for mechanosensitivity in the abdominal area and limbs, but not for the lumbar assessment, within the group, with very few significant intergroup differences. The frequency of active MTrPs is higher in the groups of women with primary dysmenorrhea and during the menstrual phase, with the prevalence of myofascial trigger points of the iliococcygeus muscle being especially high in all examination groups (>50%) and higher than 70% in women with primary dysmenorrhea, in the menstrual phase, and the internal obturator muscle (100%) in the menstrual phase. Referred pain areas of the pelvic floor muscles increase in women with primary dysmenorrhea.

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Factors Related to Primary Dysmenorrhea in Turkish Women: a Multiple Multinomial Logistic Regression Analysis

Cited by 14 publications

References 54 publications

The Influence of Lifestyle Variables on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Cross-Sectional Study

The Influence of Lifestyle Variables on Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Cross-Sectional Study

The relation between body mass index and primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Myofascial Pain Syndrome in Women with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Case-Control Study

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