Factors Related to Virologic Failure among HIV-Positive Injecting Drug Users Treated with Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Including Two Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Nevirapine

Abstract

Treatment strategies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive active injecting drug users (IDUs) must take into account their lifestyles, that often result in low adherence to therapy. The nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) offer simpler treatment regimens, but the appearance of drug resistance during treatment failure may cause high levels of cross-resistance to all NNRTIs. We adopted a combination therapy of two NRTIs and nevirapine (NVP) for treatment of IDU patients to evaluate its feasibility in such patients. From October 1998 to December 1999, demographic, clinical, and laboratory data from 80 IDUs on this regimen were collected. Fisher's exact test, Kaplan Meier method, and Cox model were used for statistical analysis. Overall, 20 IDUs discontinued the treatment because of side effects and 20 IDUs experienced treatment failure. Considering the treatment failure as an end point, 55.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37.9%-72.6%) of patients was still undergoing treatment after 12 months compared to 44.6% (31.8%-58.6%) when discontinuation was also taken into account. An increasing trend over time was observed in the CD4+ lymphocyte count, among failing and nonfailing IDUs. By multivariate analysis, baseline HIV-RNA, treatment breaks and low adherence and active injecting drug use turned out to be significantly associated with treatment failure. Our results show that continuing injecting drug use and treatment breaks are the main factors that can lead to treatment failure in IDUs and easily to NNRTI class resistance.

Single tablet regimens are associated with reduced Efavirenz withdrawal in antiretroviral therapy naïve or switching for simplification HIV-infected patients

“…Our data showed that the probability of EFV interruption (nearly 30% after 48 months) was similar to that observed in Italy at the beginning of the EFV availability [18]. However, we also observed that the improved EFV formulation had a positive effect on the risk of interruption.…”

Social and structural factors associated with HIV disease progression among illicit drug users

“…Conversely, access to substitution therapy was strongly associated with optimal virologic response in studies of community-recruited drug users in France [66] and Canada [55]. Five studies [29, 44, 47, 50, 76] observed virologic trajectories following the initiation of HAART. Notably, in three [44, 47, 50] of four studies assessing them [44, 47, 50, 76], drug use patterns were not associated with lower relative hazards of suppression.…”

Early immunologic and virologic responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy and subsequent disease progression among HIV-infected injection drug users

“…In general, studies on early HAART responses among injection drug users (IDUs) tend to suggest that while IDUs as a group may be as likely to suppress HIV-1 RNA (Mocroft et al, 1999;Roca et al, 1999), active users tend to have poorer responses while former users can achieve similar responses to non-IDUs (Arnsten et al, 2002;Lucas et al, 2001;Lucas et al, 2006;Palepu et al, 2003;Wood et al, 2003;Zaccarelli et al, 2002). In some cases faster disease progression has also been observed among IDUs (Lucas et al, 2006), although few studies have linked to clinical outcomes.…”