IntroductionPain is the most frightening and distressing of all cancer symptoms for patients and their families [1,2]. Cancer-related pain is a challenging for oncology nurses and other health care providers in terms of lack of knowledge and assessment of pain that leads to inadequate pain management [1]. Advances in cancer-related pain management and improvements in radiological and surgical treatments were reported, however, it has been shown that many patients with cancer continue to experience high levels of pain. American Cancer Society reported that 50%-70% of cancer patients are experiencing some degree of pain and less than half get adequate relief of their pain, which negatively impacts their quality of life. It has been reported that 44% of cancer patients were experiencing moderate to severe pain [3].Research Studies reported that the prevalence of cancer-related pain was high: 64% in patients with metastatic or terminal disease, 59% in patients on anticancer treatment and 33% in patients who had been cured of cancer [4]. Approximately 95% of cancer patients could be in pain free if that pain were managed appropriately.Findings confirmed that cancer pain is a multidimensional symptom that consists of feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, emotional distress, and have a negative impact on coping mechanism. Cancer pain was also described as a complex phenomenon which is associated with physiologic, psychosocial consequences, cognitive, behavioral, and socio-cultural dimensions [4,5]. There are many other factors affecting cancer related pain such as type of cancer, stage of disease, type of treatment received and location of cancer [6].Research findings have raised the importance to study the experience of cancer related-pain in a comprehensive approach using the multidimensional aspects of cancer pain experience. The purposes of this literature were to review and analyze recent research articles that studied the experience of cancer-related pain to understand the factors that affects the cancer-pain experience to promote the quality of life among cancer patients.
Theoretical FrameworkThe perception and interpretation of pain were viewed as a subjective experience known only to the cancer patients who suffers pain. Pain was also considered as a multidimensional experience and response consisting of physiologic, sensory, affective, cognitive and behavioral components. This paper will be guided by Roy's Adaptation Model (RAM) [7].Roy's Adaptation Model focuses on individuals' adaptation to changeable environment and guides the assessment of individuals' adaptation. The four adaptive modes of RAM (physiologic, the selfconcept, the role function, and the interdependence mode) have been utilized appropriately in pain experience studies. This paper used the multiple dimensions of the cancer related-pain experience and correlates them with the four adaptive modes of Roy Adaptation Model.
MethodologyIn order to review the body of knowledge related to pain experience among patients receiving cancer treatment, a...