Factors That Affect Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading in Large Subduction Earthquakes

Araujo, William; Ledezma, Christian

doi:10.3390/app10186503

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Some researches on liquefaction studies apply microtremor wave propagation. Futhermore, the researchers also made numerical models of geotechnical effects of differences in seismic parameters (Araujo and Ledezma 2020). This study was carried out by correlating the wave characteristics, soil site classification, and liquefaction evidence during the 2018 earthquake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction in Palu: the cause of massive mudflows

Jalil

Fathani

Satyarno

et al. 2021

Geoenviron Disasters

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The 7.5 Mw tectonic earthquake that hit Palu City on 28 September 2018 was followed by tsunami and liquefaction, triggered massive mudflows in Balaroa, Petobo, and Jono Oge areas. This study focuses on the generating factors of liquefaction such as the condition of soil lithology, depth of water table, the distance to the focal mechanism, and the thickness of soft sediment. Microtremor data, including the Horizontal Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR), geological condition, and borehole data, were examined to conduct the liquefaction analysis. The analysis results based on the microtremor data showed that the distribution of ground shear strain values in Palu City ranged from 0.75 × 10–4 to 2.56 × 10–4. The distribution of the locations of the liquefaction was correlated to the distribution of ground shear strain values. High ground shear strain values and a shallow groundwater level were discovered in Palu City valley, which indicates that liquefaction in Palu City will undoubtedly occur. The semi-empirical method confirmed that Balaroa, Petobo, and Jono Oge had undergone large-scale liquefaction at a maximum depth of 16 m below the ground level. The average peak of water runoff that generated the mudflow was estimated to be at 11.31 cm3/s. Since the soil has loose soil grain with high water content, the soil will turn into a massive amount of mud during the liquefaction.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction in Palu: the cause of massive mudflows

Jalil

Fathani

Satyarno

et al. 2021

Geoenviron Disasters

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“…Lateral spreading is favored by the occurrence of liquefiable loose terrains, gentle almost flat surface slope (down to 0.3%), and shallow water table, all of which can lead to several meters of lateral displacements. Lateral spreading is a well-known phenomenon and it has been commonly observed during strong earthquakes which caused extensive liquefaction in different tectonic settings (e.g., Olson et al, 2011; Rodríguez-Pascua et al, 2016; Araujo and Ledezma, 2020). Structures related to lateral spreading are an additional source of structures, which can sum to most diffuse types of seismites related to liquefaction known in the literature (see Montenat et al, 2007, for a comprehensive review).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interplay of Holocene surface faulting and climate in the Central Po Plain, Italy

et al. 2021

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Understanding the recent events marking the late Quaternary history of the Po Plain (N-Italy) is of overriding importance to decipher the record of depositional versus erosional phases, and their interplay with climatic, tectonic, and human forcing. We reconstructed the structural setting and chronostratigraphy of a Holocene succession crosscut by a thrust fault located south of Montodine (Cremona, Italy) within the Po Plain. The fault shows a maximum displacement up to one meter. Radiocarbon dating fixes a minimum age of 11.9 cal ka BP for the postglacial river entrenchment and constrains the fault movement age between 5.9 and 3.4 cal ka BP. Undeformed Late Medieval coarse gravels cover the faulted succession. Due to the outcrop position, lying above the buried frontal thrusts of the Southern Alps and North Apennines, we propose that faulting results from secondary surface effects induced by seismic shaking. We discuss two main mechanisms, both related to lateral spreading, that can result in the formation of reverse faults close to the surface. The Soncino area, recording one of the strongest historical earthquakes of the central Po Plain (1802), is considered as a possible source for seismic shaking. The results of this study are a contribution for the assessment of the potential seismic hazard in one of the most populated regions of Europe.

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“…Some researches on liquefaction studies applies the microtremor wave propagation. In addition, the researchers also made numerical models of geotechnical effects of differences in seismic parameters (Araujo and Ledezma 2020). This study was carried out by correlating the wave characteristics, soil site classification, and liquefaction evidence during the 2018 earthquake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquefaction in Palu: The Cause of Massive Mudflows

Jalil

Fathani

Satyarno

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The 7.5 Mw tectonic earthquake that hit Palu City on 28 September 2018 was followed by tsunami and liquefaction that triggered massive mudflows in Balaroa, Petobo, and Jono Oge areas. Extensive damages to infrastructures occurred as the result of these earthquake-triggered disasters. This study explores the causing factors of the massive mudflow in Balaroa, Petobo, and Jono Oge areas as it is a quite rare phenomenon. This study focuses on the causing factors of liquefaction such as the condition of soil lithology, depth of water table, distance to the fo[1]cal mechanism, and the thickness of soft sediment. To carry out the liquefaction analysis, important data, such as microtremor data which included the Horizontal Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR), geological condition, and borehole data, were examines. Additional data i.e. ground layers slopes and other factors were also investigated. Normally, these data are not considered when observing common liquefaction. However, for the case of massive mudflows in Balaroa, Petobo, and Jono Oge, they become the key factors. Based on the microtremor data, the analysis results show that the distribution of ground shear strain values in Palu City ranges from 0.75×10-4 to 2.56×10-4. The distribution of the locations of the liquefaction corresponds to the distribution of ground shear strain values. High ground shear strain values were discovered in Palu City valley. Such high value and groundwater level indicate that liquefaction in Palu City will certainly take place. The semi-empirical method confirms that Balaroa, Petobo, and Jono Oge have high potential for large-scale liquefaction to occur at a maximum depth of 16 meters below the ground surface. Having loose soil grain with high water content, the soil will turn into a massive amount of mud during the liquefaction. In addition, ground slopes and ground vibration due to the earthquake will create massive mudflows similar to flash flood. However, the mudflows movement is slow since the slope inclination is slight.

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Factors That Affect Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Spreading in Large Subduction Earthquakes

Cited by 11 publications

References 32 publications

Liquefaction in Palu: the cause of massive mudflows

Liquefaction in Palu: the cause of massive mudflows

Interplay of Holocene surface faulting and climate in the Central Po Plain, Italy

Liquefaction in Palu: The Cause of Massive Mudflows

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