Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks

Ottoson, Jakob; Stenström, Thor Axel

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00352-4

Cited by 269 publications

(186 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This could be facilitated through the introduction of a risk assessment as part of a scheme for the water supplies. Ottoson [120] investigated the prevalence of pathogens (e.g. rotavirus, Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum) in greywater in a local treatment system at Vibyasen (north of Stockholm, Sweden) and the faecal load of these pathogens and were used to form the basis of a screening-level quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) using faecal indicator bacteria and chemical biomarkers.…”

Section: Sewage and Water Treatment Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Campylobacter

et al. 2005

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-Species within the genus, Campylobacter, have emerged over the last three decades as significant clinical pathogens, particularly of human public health concern, where the majority of acute bacterial enteritis in the Western world is due to these organisms. Of particular concern are the species, C. jejuni and C. coli, which are responsible for most of these gastrointestinal-related infections. Although these organisms have already emerged as causative agents of zoonoses, several aspects of their epidemiology and pathophysiology are only beginning to emerge. Trends in increasing antibiotic resistance are beginning to emerge with oral antibiotics, which may be the drug of choice for when it is necessary to intervene chemotherapeutically. This review wishes to examine (i) emerging clinical aspects of the disease, such as Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS), (ii) the association between these organisms and poultry as a natural host, (iii) environmental aspects of Campylobacter epidemiology, (iv) the emergence of atypical campylobacters (v) emerging trends in antibiotic resistance, (vi) adoption of modern methods for the detection of campylobacters.

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Section: Sewage and Water Treatment Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Campylobacter

et al. 2005

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“…• Households with individuals who are carriers of infectious disease or who perform practices such as bathing babies and laundering diapers may be at greater risk for spreading the disease as a result of GW reuse (Rose et al 1991;Eriksson et al 2002;Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003;Friedler 2004;Gross et al 2005;Maimon et al 2010). …”

Section: Health Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which has been used to measure levels of norovirus in GW, is among the most sensitive and specific tests for microbiological assessments, but requires laboratories capable of DNA sequencing to be conducted (O'Toole et al 2012). Recently several studies have attempted to statistically model levels of less easily detectable pathogens such as viruses with less expensive fecal indicators such as Escherichia coli and information from prior studies (Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003;Mara et al 2007;O'Toole et al 2012). The results of these surrogate measures are promising from a financial perspective and some inconclusive efforts have been made to validate them (O'Toole et al 2012).…”

Section: Perspective 1: Is Gw and Tgw Safe For Household-level Use?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The limiting factors that continue to undermine attempts to conduct observational epidemiologic investigations of GW are the sample sizes and the laboratory and diagnostic procedures required to achieve sufficient power and sensitivity to make inferences at the population level (O'Toole et al 2012). To circumvent these logistical constraints, many have turned to probabilistic models, such as quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), to determine the excess risk of infectious disease as a result of using GW (Shuval et al 1997;Ottoson and Stenstrom 2003;Mara et al 2007;Maimon et al 2010;Barker et al 2013). The accuracy of these models depends upon reliability of prior information taken from epidemiological investigations.…”

Section: Perspective 1: Is Gw and Tgw Safe For Household-level Use?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Is Gray Water the Key to Unlocking Water for Resource-Poor Areas of the Middle East, North Africa, and Other Arid Regions of the World?

Leas

Dare

Al-Delaimy

2013

AMBIO

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Support for the use of treated gray water as an alternative water resource in the Middle East and North Africa is high, especially given the lack of religious restrictions against its use, but several obstacles have kept application of treated gray water near 1 % in some areas. The largest of obstacles include the cost of treatment and the ambiguity surrounding the health safety of gray water and treated gray water. This paper aims to provide an overview of current gray water practices globally, with specific focus on household-level gray water practices in the Middle East and North Africa region, and highlight the need for cost reduction strategies and epidemiological evidence on the use of household-level gray water and treated gray water. Such actions are likely to increase the application of treated gray water in water-deprived areas of the Middle East and North Africa.

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“…Human health risks depend on the source of the pathogens, the treatment applied and the exposure route (Ottoson and Stenström 2003). The wastewater reuse plants in this study provide nonpotable water for toilet flushing and green land irrigation.…”

Section: Economic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Economics of Sustainable Urban Water Management: the Case of Beijing

Liang¹

2011

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Faecal contamination of greywater and associated microbial risks

Cited by 269 publications

References 40 publications

Campylobacter

Campylobacter

Is Gray Water the Key to Unlocking Water for Resource-Poor Areas of the Middle East, North Africa, and Other Arid Regions of the World?

The Economics of Sustainable Urban Water Management: the Case of Beijing

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