Faecal flora of south indian infants and young children in health and with acute gastroenteritis

Albert, M. John; P, Bhat; Rajan, D. Prasanna; Maiya, P. P.; Pereira, Sheila M.; Baker, S. J.

doi:10.1099/00222615-11-2-137

Cited by 32 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The contributions of bifidobacteria, bacteroides, enterococci and enterobacteria were similar to those found in various studies by Mata et al (1972), Ellis-Pegler, Crabtree and Lambert (1 979, Bullen, Tearle and Willis (1 976), Long and Swenson (1977) and Albert et al (1978). Bifidobacteria are the predominant faecal bacteria in breast-fed infants (Mata and Urrutia, 197 1 ;Bullen et al, 1976) and during the first week of life in infants fed with Premium Milk (Bullen, Tearle and Stewart, 1977).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…The high incidence of clostridia in the present study was similar to that found by Ellis-Pegler et al (1975) and approached the rate of isolation from adults. Other workers have isolated clostridia in much smaller numbers from similar babies (Mata and Urrutia, 1971;Albert et al, 1978). The differences may be due to different laboratory methods or to the type of feeds given to the infants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

Rotimi

Duerden

1981

Journal of Medical Microbiology

307

175

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SUMMARY.The development of the bacterial flora of neonates during the first week of life was studied in 23 babies. Specimens of meconium or faeces were collected and swabs taken from the umbilicus and mouth on days 1, 2, 3 and 6. The bacteria present were isolated on a variety of plain and selective media. The predominant faecal organisms by the end of the first week were anaerobes. Bifidobacteria were isolated from all the neonates and bacteroides and clostridia were isolated from 78.3%. Bifidobacteria and bacteroides were present in large numbers; other species were isolated in smaller numbers. Enterococci were isolated from all neonates, enterobacteria from 82.6%, anaerobic cocci from 52.2%, and streptococci and staphylococci from 34.8% each.Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant species isolated from the umbilicus; it was isolated from 21.7% of neonates on the first day rising to 87.0% by the sixth day and represented 49% of isolates from this site. S. albus, streptococci, enterococci and Escherichia coli were each isolated from a few neonates.Viridans streptococci (3 1 -4% of isolates) and Streptococcus salivarius (251%) were the commonest species recovered from the mouth. They were present from 8 h after birth; S. albus and Neisseria spp. were isolated later on the first day, and anaerobic species of Veillonella and Bijidobacterium appeared on the second day. INTRODUCTIONThe normal fetus is sterile until shortly before birth, as long as the amniotic membrane remains intact. After birth, the neonate rapidly acquires commensal bacteria that colonise the skin and mucous membranes. The host defence mechanisms are not well developed at this stage and some commensals may become opportunist pathogens, particularly in compromised neonates who must remain in hospital for the treatment of congenital abnormalities.The gastrointestinal 'tract is colonised soon after birth, mainly by facultative bacteria. Mata, Mejicanos and Jimenez (1 972), Bullen, Tearle and Willis (1 976) and Long and Swenson (1977) have shown that anaerobes colonise the neonatal gastrointestinal tract during the first week of life and are greater in number and variety than aerobes or facultative species. Subsequently, only ~ ~~

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

Rotimi

Duerden

1981

Journal of Medical Microbiology

307

175

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Other authors consider the ratio of anaerobes to aerobes to be a useful index of intestinal populations (Ellis-Pegler et al, 1975;Albert et al, 1978 andEllis-Pegler, Higgs andLambert, 1979). Analysis of our data showed that the ratio of anaerobes to aerobes in breast-fed babies exceeded that in formula-fed babies during the period before solid foods were given (approximately 10: 1 and 1000: 1 respectively).…”

Section: The Microbial Ecology Of the Infant Large Bowelmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Apart from one report from rural Guatemala (Mata and Urrutia, 1971), other investigations have concerned infants of different ages, and in some cases receiving different diets (Mitsuoka and Hayakawa, 1973;Ellis-Pegler, Crabtree and Lambert, 1975;Hewitt and Rigby, 1976;Albert et al, 1978;Leclerc and Moriamez, 1980). As in most studies of the human intestinal microflora, faecal bacterial populations were assumed to be representative of the flora of the lumen of the colon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Microbial Ecology of the Large Bowel of Breastfed and Formula-fed Infants During the First Year of Life

Stark

Lee

1982

Journal of Medical Microbiology

568

337

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SUMMARY.The succession of bacterial populations in the large bowel of seven breast-fed and seven formula-fed infants was examined during the first year of life. The composition of the intestinal microflora varied according to the infant's diet. During the first week of life breast-fed and formula-fed infants were colonised by enterobacteria and enterococci followed by bifidobacteria, Bacteroides spp., clostridia and anaerobic streptococci. From week 4 until solid foods were given, breast-fed babies had a simple flora consisting of bifidobacteria and relatively few enterobacteria and enterococci. Formula-fed babies during the corresponding period were more often colonised by other anaerobes in addition to bifidobacteria and had higher counts of facultatively anaerobic bacteria. The introduction of solid food to the breast-fed infants caused a major disturbance in the microbial ecology of the large bowel as counts of enterobacteria and enterococci rose sharply and colonisation by Bacteroides spp., clostridia and anaerobic streptococci occurred. This was not observed when formula-fed infants began to take solids; instead, counts of facultative anaerobes remained high while colonisation by anaerobes other than bifidobacteria continued. At 12 months, the anaerobic bacterial populations of the large bowel of breast-fed and formula-fed infants were beginning to resemble those of adults in number and composition and there was a corresponding decrease in the number of facultative anaerobes. These changes are discussed in relation to changes in susceptibility to gastro-intestinal infection.

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“…The predominant flora in the first 48 h are facultative organisms but thereafter the neonates usually become colonized by the strict anaerobes to the same, or greater, extent as the facultative species (Mata, Mejicanos & Jimenez, 1972;Bullen, Tearle & Willis, 1976;Long & Swenson, 1977;. The normal resident bacterial flora during the first 10 days of life varies according to the baby's feeds but it usually becomes stable by the end of the first month (Albert et al 1978;Beerens, Romond & Neut, 1980;Shahani & Ayebo, 1980;. Congenital abnormalities, particularly of the GIT, and the subsequent surgical operations performed to correct them, also alter the type and number of bacterial flora of neonates in the first 2 weeks of life (Rotimi & Duerden, 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of bacterial flora of premature neonates

Rotimi¹,

Olowe

Ahmed

1985

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYThe sequential acquisition of bacterial flora by premature neonates was studied during a 10 month period. Mean gestational age of the babies was 29-01 weeks and the mean birth weight was 1P728 kg. Escherichia coli and group B streptococci (GBS) colonized the umbilicus of 7 and 6 babies respectively, out of 23 studied, on the first day of life. E. coli and staphylococci were the predominant flora on the 6th day and they colonized 12 and 13 respectively. The oral flora was predominantly Gram-positive cocci, mainly Streptoccocus salivarius which was isolated from 17 out of 22 babies on the 6th day, viridians streptococci were isolated from 14 babies, Staphylococcus albus from 16 babies and group D streptococci from 11 babies. Candida spp. also colonized the oral cavities of 17 out of 22 babies on the 6th day. At the end of the first week of life, the faecal flora was predominantly anaerobic represented by Bifidobacterium spp., Bacterioides spp. and Clostridium spp. The commonest facultative faecal flora were E. coli, which was isolated from all the babies, and Strept. faecalis isolated from 20 babies. Early gut colonization by GBS, Bacteroides spp. and Clostridium spp. was noticed in more babies delivered vaginally than by caesarean section where colonization by these bacteria was relatively delayed. The use of prophylactic penicillin plus gentamicin in the special neonatal unit probably prevented systemic spread of any of the potential opportunistic pathogens during the study.

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Faecal flora of south indian infants and young children in health and with acute gastroenteritis

Cited by 32 publications

References 16 publications

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

The Microbial Ecology of the Large Bowel of Breastfed and Formula-fed Infants During the First Year of Life

The development of bacterial flora of premature neonates

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