Faecal indicator organism concentrations in sewage and treated effluents

Kay, David; Crowther, John; Stapleton, Carl Michael; Wyer, Mark D.; Fewtrell, Lorna; Edwards, Arwyn; Francis, Carol; McDonald, Adrian; Watkins, John; Wilkinson, J.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.036

Cited by 97 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A great number of microorganisms, e.g., bacteria, fungi, virus, and protozoa, exist in the wastewater and wastewater treatment systems (Fracchia et al 2006;Gangamma et al 2011;Heinonen-Tanski et al 2009). Numerous saprophytic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms are also present in raw wastewater (Filipkowska 2003;Kay et al 2008;Korzeniewska et al 2009). The transfer of microorganisms from water to the air results in the generation of bioaerosols, which pose a potential microbial epidemic threat and health hazard to the surrounding environment and to WWTP workers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Site-related and seasonal variation of bioaerosol emission in an indoor wastewater treatment station: level, characteristics of particle size, and microbial structure

Ding

Han

et al. 2015

Aerobiologia

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The emission of the airborne bacteria and fungi from an indoor wastewater treatment station adopting an integrated oxidation ditch with a vertical circle was investigated. Microbial samples were collected by the six-stage viable Andersen cascade impactor, and the samples were collected in triplicate in each sampling site per season. Culture-based method was applied to determine the concentrations of the airborne bacteria and fungi, while the cloning/ sequencing method was used to characterize the genetic structure and community diversity of airborne bacteria. The highest concentrations of airborne bacteria (4155 ± 550 CFU/m 3 ) and fungi (883 ± 150 CFU/m 3 ) were obtained in June (summer). The lowest concentration of bacteria (1458 ± 434 CFU/m 3 ) was determined in January (winter), and the lowest concentration of fungi (169 ± 40 CFU/m 3 ) was found in March (spring), respectively. The particle size distribution analysis showed that most culturable bacteria obtained in all the sampling sites were in the particle size range of 1.1-4.7 lm. Most culturable fungi had particle sizes in the range 1.1-3.3 lm. Microbial population analysis showed that Bacillus sp., Acinetobacter sp., and Lysinibacillus were the main groups obtained in S1.Enterobacter was the dominant group in sampling site S2. Both the concentrations and particle size distribution of the bioaerosols in the enclosed space presented a seasonal and site-related variation. Concentration and richness of microorganisms in bioaerosols in June were higher than in September and January. The particle size distribution varied between the sampling sites, and proportion of large particles was higher in S2 than in S1 because of the settlement of large particles. Pathogenic species, such as Acinetobacter lwoffii, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterobacter sp., were isolated from the bioaerosols, which could pose serious latent danger to sewage workers' health.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Site-related and seasonal variation of bioaerosol emission in an indoor wastewater treatment station: level, characteristics of particle size, and microbial structure

Ding

Han

et al. 2015

Aerobiologia

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“…To increase the robustness of the modelling, only sites that meet the following criteria have been included: (1) catchment (termed ‗subcatchment' for individual sample points) area ≥ 5 km 2 (because of the relatively low resolution of the livestock census and soil hydrology data-see below); (2) < 50% of land within the subcatchment is located upstream of lake and/or reservoir outlets (see Section 2.2); (3) FIO data available for ≥ 5 samples taken under the flow conditions being modelled (i.e., base or high flow); (4) river discharge records available; and (5) land within the subcatchments had not been subject to programmes of measures (e.g., riparian fencing and buffer strips) aimed at reducing FIO loadings. [12]. Presumptive FC and EN concentrations were measured using standard UK methods based on membrane filtration, which have not changed substantially over the study period [13,14].…”

Section: Study Catchments Subcatchments Sampling Periods Field Metmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The former will be largely treated effluents from WwTWs, which generally have much lower FIO concentrations under base-flow conditions than high flow [12]. The relatively low levels of explained variance in the base-flow models probably reflects the fact that in this ‗black box' modelling, no account is taken of the nature of the effluent quality of individual WwTWs, which varies with the type of treatment [12]; and also that the URBAN and HUMAN data for individual subcatchments will poorly reflect the magnitude of sewage effluent inputs to the subcatchment watercourses in cases where WwTWs serving a significant proportion of the built-up area are located downstream of the monitoring point (i.e., sewage is exported out of the subcatchment for treatment). It is also interesting to note that the HUMAN and URBAN variables provide very similar levels of explained variance-suggesting that, for the purpose of catchment-scale modelling, built-up land is a good proxy for human population.…”

Section: Dominant Faecal Indicator Organism Sources Within Catchmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generic Modelling of Faecal Indicator Organism Concentrations in the UK

Crowther

Hampson

Bateman

et al. 2011

Water

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Abstract:To meet European Water Framework Directive requirements, data are needed on faecal indicator organism (FIO) concentrations in rivers to enable the more heavily polluted to be targeted for remedial action. Due to the paucity of FIO data for the UK, especially under high-flow hydrograph event conditions, there is an urgent need by the policy community for generic models that can accurately predict FIO concentrations, thus informing integrated catchment management programmes. This paper reports the development of regression models to predict base-and high-flow faecal coliform (FC) and enterococci (EN) concentrations for 153 monitoring points across 14 UK catchments, using land cover, population (human and livestock density) and other variables that may affect FIO source strength, transport and die-off. Statistically significant models were developed for both FC and EN, with greater explained variance achieved in the high-flow models. Both land cover and, in particular, population variables are significant predictors of FIO concentrations, with r 2 maxima for EN of 0.571 and 0.624, respectively. It is argued that

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“…The onsite domestic wastewater systems, including johkasou systems, are considered to be an effective means for wastewater treatment in rural areas, which are designed, located, and maintained satisfactorily. However, the treated waters of onsite domestic wastewater systems, which are generally discharged into open channels within the residential areas before entering the local receiving water body, contains many pollutants such as organic matters, nutrients, and microorganisms 11,12) . For viruses, lab-scale johkasou could reduce approximately 80% of the viruses in the influent 13) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effluent can contribute to maintain sufficient water in open channels, enhancing the water circulation in the local areas, and contributing to the life of the aquatic organisms 8) . In addition, open channels receiving the effluents from johkasou may play a role in the transmission of several contaminants into the aquatic environment downstream, including viruses that cannot be completely removed by the johkasou system 11,12) . However, little is known about the viral content in such open channels since most of the investigations conducted so far have focused mainly on the treatment performance of johkasou 13,14) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%