Failure mode of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries under high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation

Lam, L.T.; Haigh, N.P.; Phyland, C.G.; Urban, Andrew J.

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.11.048

Cited by 172 publications

(83 citation statements)

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“…It should be noted that the double-layer capacitance of the positive electrode is 8 F/cm 3 while that of the negative electrode is ten time smaller, and is equal to 0.8 F/cm 3 . The physical dimensions of the battery are same as given by Gou et al 13 as are many other parameters.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The diminished life has been attributed to accumulation of lead sulfate on the surface of the negative electrode. Conclusive evidence for this has been reported by Lam et al 3 based on tear-down analysis of failed batteries. Interestingly, it has been found that increasing the capacitance of the negative electrode enhances its life, and development of ultrabattery 4 is a well known demonstration of this.…”

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confidence: 75%

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Modeling of Effect of Double-Layer Capacitance and Failure of Lead-Acid Batteries in HRPSoC Application

Gandhi¹

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Lead-acid batteries fail faster in partial state-of-charge start-stop technology than in SLI application. Accumulation of lead sulfate on negative electrode's surface has been identified as the cause. It is also known that life can be enhanced by increasing capacitance of negative electrode. A bench-marking test cycle is used to explain these observations through a one-dimensional model. It is shown that, at the large discharge current densities used, faradaic reactions in the electrodes are spatially inhomogeneous, and charging is unable to reverse its effects. Consequently, lead sulfate deposit is larger on electrode's surface than at its center. Model uses a rate expression for charging modified to include diffusion of Pb 2+ , and predicts that sulfate continues to accumulate with cycling. A portion of electrode becomes inactive when volume fraction of sulfate reaches a critical value there. Battery fails when inactive area becomes large. It is shown that double-layer capacitance suppresses the non-uniformity in the faradaic reaction and alters the pattern of accumulation of sulfate. Negative electrode does not benefit from this since its capacitance is low. Sulfate accumulates in positive electrode also, but does not reach critical levels since positive electrode's capacitance is large. A large fraction of the demand for lead-acid batteries from automotive industries is for SLI application. But the demand is expected to decline as the auto industry moves toward Li batteries. However, as specifications become more stringent both on fuel economy and on emissions of green house gases, lead-acid battery has found a new application in stop-start technology of electric vehicles. Here, battery should be capable of rapid enough discharge to permit starting of the vehicle along with maintenance of other on-board electrical loads. Further, to facilitate charging by regenerative braking, the battery has to be in partial state of charge, which can be as low as 50%. This has come to be known as high rate partial-state-of-charge or for short, HRPSoC, duty. In the start-stop operation, the frequency of charging-discharging cycles is large. Equally importantly, while the discharge rate during cranking is about the same as in conventional SLI application, charging rate can be as large as thirty times more. The challenges faced in meeting this application have been well summarized by Moseley and Rand 1 and Moseley et al. 2 The main problem faced is the faster degradation of battery than encountered in the conventional SLI application. The diminished life has been attributed to accumulation of lead sulfate on the surface of the negative electrode. Conclusive evidence for this has been reported by Lam et al.3 based on tear-down analysis of failed batteries. Interestingly, it has been found that increasing the capacitance of the negative electrode enhances its life, and development of ultrabattery 4 is a well known demonstration of this. While a complete description of this device is not available in the open literature, it is s...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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confidence: 75%

Modeling of Effect of Double-Layer Capacitance and Failure of Lead-Acid Batteries in HRPSoC Application

Gandhi¹

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…5c and d. The results indicate that the current collector has an influence on the active material morphology. According to a charge mechanism of the negative electrodes in lead acid batteries [23], the conversion of lead sulfate to sponge lead proceeds via two reactions, namely, dissolution and deposition. Dissolution is the chemical reaction, while the subsequent deposition is the electrochemical reaction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of pitch-based carbon foam current collectors on the electrochemical properties of lead acid battery negative electrodes

Chen

et al. 2008

J Appl Electrochem

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Pitch-based carbon foams prepared by a template method were used as negative current collectors to assemble flooded lead acid batteries, and the effect of the current collectors on the performance of the negative electrodes was investigated. Comparative galvanostatic charge-discharge tests show that the utilization efficiencies of the active material on the carbon foam negative current collector are 14% and 30% higher than those of the material on a lead grid one at 20 and 10 h discharge rates, respectively. Further EIS tests imply that there are also significant differences in the impedance spectra between the two electrodes. SEM images reveal that at the fully charged state, the particle size of the active material formed on the carbon foam current collector is much more uniform than that on the lead grid.

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“…This leads to sulphate build-up, cyclic wear, and ultimately, to failure [1,2]. In this paper, therefore, the mitigation of such problems is considered using 'intelligent control' techniques to better utilize the battery and, thereby, enhance performance and longevity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated multilevel converter and battery management

Wilkie

Stone

Bingham

et al. 2008

2008 International Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion

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Failure mode of valve-regulated lead-acid batteries under high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation

Cited by 172 publications

References 0 publications

Modeling of Effect of Double-Layer Capacitance and Failure of Lead-Acid Batteries in HRPSoC Application

Modeling of Effect of Double-Layer Capacitance and Failure of Lead-Acid Batteries in HRPSoC Application

Influence of pitch-based carbon foam current collectors on the electrochemical properties of lead acid battery negative electrodes

Integrated multilevel converter and battery management

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