Failure of Naloxone to Modify Anterior Pituitary Secretory Pattern in Insulin-Dependent Diabetics

Abstract

The demonstration in the central nervous system of a group of endogenous opioid-like substances has suggested their physiological role as neurotransmitter or neuromodulator in the control of hypothalamic-pituitary function. Recent studies have described a stimulatory effect of opioid substances on PRL, GH and TSH and an inhibitory influence on LH and FSH secretion. Naloxone, a specific opiate antagonist has been reported to prevent these effects (Morley 1981). Multiple endocrine disorders are present in diabetics, mainly characterized by altered basal secretion of pituitary hormones and impaired response to provocative stimuli. Recently it was observed that administration of TRH to diabetic subjects elicits abnormal secretion of FSH and GH

Arabidopsis, tobacco, nightshade and elm take insect eggs as herbivore alarm and show similar transcriptomic alarm responses

“…Our analysis, and the earlier original publications 12 , 17 , 21 , 22 , 24 to which our analysis refers, found prominent regulation of GS related to phytohormone signalling. Therefore, we compared the enrichment of all GS associated with phytohormone signalling and metabolism that were up- or down-regulated in at least one of the species combinations (Fig.…”

“…While egg depositions of the butterfly Pieris brassicae and treatment of leaves with egg extracts lead to stronger salicylic acid (SA)-related responses in feeding-damaged brassicaceous plant species 16 , 17 , eggs of the moth Helicoverpa zea mediate a stronger jasmonic acid (JA)-related defence response in tomato plants ( S. lycopersicum ) against feeding larvae 18 . However, egg depositions by moths on S. dulcamara and N. attenuata did not affect the feeding-induced changes of JA and SA levels one day after the onset of feeding by conspecific larvae 19 – 22 . Prior oviposition on N. attenuata did, however, result in a stronger transcriptional induction of the JA-responsive transcription factor MYB8 after feeding by larvae of the moths Spodoptera exigua or Manduca sexta 19 , 20 .…”

“…PR2 ) 4 , 16 , 68 – 71 Other Brassicaceae a Pieris brassicae Reduced larval weight and higher mortality Prolonged development until pupation Fabaceae Vicia faba Halyomorpha halys Reduced nymph weight 15 Solanaceae Nicotiana attenuata Manduca sexta Reduced antimicrobial activity in the hemolymph Increased levels of caffeoyl putrescine Increased TPI activity JA: Increased MYB8 expression 19 , 20 Spodoptera exigua Reduced larval weight and higher mortality Increased levels of caffeoyl putrescine JA: Increased MYB8 expression Solanum lycopersicum Helicoverpa zea JA: Increased JA levels Enhanced expression of PIN2 18 Solanum dulcamara Spodoptera exigua Reduced larval weight and higher mortality Stronger expression of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathways, e.g. anthocyanins JA, SA and ABA levels were not affected by prior egg deposition 22 Ulmaceae Ulmus minor Xanthogaleruca luteola Higher larval mortality Increased uptake of robinin (flavonoid) by the larvae Faster/earlier expression of defence-related genes …”

“…1 a). For the analysis we used transcriptomic data from published experiments with A. thaliana infested by P. brassicae 17 , N. attenuata infested by M. sexta or by S. exigua 21 , S. dulcamara infested by S. exigua 12 , 22 and U. minor infested by the leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola 24 . Thus, our analysis is based on transcriptomic data obtained by studies of different plant–insect combinations, including plant species with very different life strategies, as well as lepidopteran and coleopteran insect species.…”

TSH and PRL Responses to Domperidone and TRH in Men with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus of Different Duration

“…TSH and PRL responses to metoclopramide, an antidopaminergic agent, have been tested to prove this hypothesis [ 18], However, because of its interactions with other ncurotransmitters such as serotonin [20,21,26,34] or acetyl choline [3,12,19,25,26,43], mctoclopramide does not seem to be just an antagonist of dopamine. Furthermore, data in the litera ture describing TSH and PRL alterations in IDDM are scant and often contradictory, since decreased [9,18], increased [1,22] or unchanged [6,10,13,15,24,30,32,33,38,40,42] circulating levels of these hormones have been reported. These discrepancies might be due to inappropriate selection of subjects: in some studies subjects have been chosen without regard to their sex and, in others, regardless of the duration of their dis ease.…”