Failure to prevent nicotine addition in young people with diabetes.

Abstract

The habit of smoking is usually acquired at a young age and it is particularly undesirable in individuals with diabetes. A study was carried out to assess objectively the prevalence of smoking in young patients with diabetes and whether younger age at onset of diabetes (implying exposure to health education) reduced the incidence of smoking. Ninety nine young adults with diabetes attending the routine clinic were studied using a structured interview and assay of a urinary nicotine metabolite (cotinine (HbAI, and body mass index (BMI) were also measured. An aliquot of the urine sample that had been tested for glucose and protein at that visit was assayed for cotinine with a polarisation fluroimmunoassay using commercial reagents (Perkin-Elmer). The urinary cotinine:creatinine ratio (Cot:Cr) in ,ig/mg was calculated in order to allow for variations in urine volume. The patients were not told in advance of the questionnaire that their urine sample was to be tested for cotinine. No patient claimed to use nicotine chewing gum or other nicotine containing products. Control subjects for the cotinine assays were 22 non-diabetic hospital staff who were aware that their smoking history was being validated by urinary cotinine measurements. Eighteen of these controls denied smoking and four were regular smokers.Standard parametric and non-parametric statistical methods were used as appropriate.

Enhanced vulnerability to tobacco use in persons with diabetes: A behavioral and neurobiological framework

“…The latter study also reported higher rates of illicit drug use and risky sexual behavior in young persons with diabetes. Also, anti-smoking efforts have little effect in young persons with type 1 or type 2 diabetes (Ardron et al, 1988;Ismail et al, 2000;Masson et al, 1992). A survey study also revealed that 68% of young persons with type 1 diabetes habitually use street drugs more than once a month, and 72% of them are unaware of the adverse effects of drug use on diabetes (Ng et al, 2004).…”

Atherosclerosis in childhood and adolescent type 1 diabetes: early disease, early treatment?

“…The age-adjusted prevalence of smoking is similar for people with or without diabetes [89,90]. This is a big problem in teenagers with diabetes, and is challenging to approach [91,92]. Even passive smoking may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease [93].…”

Smoking Rates and the State of Smoking Interventions for Children and Adolescents With Chronic Illness

“…98 Similarly low smoking-prevalence rates of 9% were reported among 11-to 18-year-olds with diabetes, 99 but unlike other studies, this sample did not include young adults. In another study that included objective measures of active smoking among diabetic patients aged 15 to 31 years, Masson et al 100 found that although 31% of the patients admitted to smoking on a questionnaire delivered by a nurse in the patient's clinic setting, urinary cotinine (nicotine metabolite) assays suggested that up to 48% were actively smoking. Fourteen percent of the sample were past smokers.…”