Investigating the degree of coupled energy environment (EE) and socioeconomic (SE) coordination is becoming a commonly understood necessity in the process of achieving SDGs. The provinces along the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) in China have significant spatial variations in their energy endowment, industrial structure, and ecological environment, and assessing the spatiotemporal evolution and coordination of EE and SE can provide valuable insights into the development trajectory of the area. This work revealed the interaction mechanism between EE and SE and developed a novel coupling coordination analysis framework, which integrated the dynamic deviation maximum method and the improved coupling coordination degree model. The dynamic deviation maximum method is used to evaluate the performance of the EE subsystem and SE subsystem, while the improved coupling coordination degree (CCD) model is used to assess the spatiotemporal effect between EE and SE in the YREB. The results show that the overall development of CCD between EE and SE demonstrated a growing trend over time and forms a spatial pattern of downstream>midstream>upstream. Additionally, the investment intensity of industrial structure and environmental management has a catalytic effect on CCD, whereas industrial pollution emissions, energy consumption, and fixed asset investment intensity have a suppressive effect. These findings can provide valuable insights for decision-making in urban planning, large-scale engineering construction, energy structure transformation, and green low-carbon development.